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61.
Ian Cooper 《European Financial Management》1996,2(2):157-167
This paper addresses an issue central to the estimation of discount rates for capital budgeting: should the geometric mean or arithmetic mean of past data be used when estimating the discount rate? the use of the arithmetic mean ignores estimation error and serial correlation in returns. Unbiased discount factors have been derived that correct for both these effects. In all cases, the corrected discount rates are closer to the arithmetic than the geometric mean. 相似文献
62.
63.
64.
This note responds to Nunamaker (1985) who supposedly deals with deficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as an approach for (1) measuring efficiencies of not-for-profit entities identified as Decision Making Units (DMUs) and (2) locating sources and amounts of inefficiencies in each of the inputs used and in each of the outputs produced by each DMU. Corrections and comments are offered with references supplied for interested readers who wish to examine more detailed treatments of the topics covered. 相似文献
65.
A measure of efficiency for not-for-profit entities - developed by the authors in association with Edward Rhodes - is explained and illustrated by data from Program Follow Through, a large scale social experiment in U.S. public school education. A division into Follow Through and Non-Follow Through participants facilitates a distinction between “program efficiency” and “managerial efficiency” which is also illustrated and examined for its use in evaluating such programs. Relations to comprehensive audits and other possible uses are explored. 相似文献
66.
67.
This paper develops theory and algorithms for a “multiplicative” Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model employing virtual outputs and inputs as does the CCR ratio method for efficiency analysis. The frontier production function results here are of piecewise log-linear rather than piecewise linear form. 相似文献
68.
J. Richard Jones D.B.A. Philip D. Cooper Ph.D. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1981,9(1-2):28-39
Marketing practitioners in for-profit-making settings are typically well acquainted with what logistical decisions can do
for a marketing program and what marketing constraints can do to a logistics system. For the most part, however, the conceptual
tansfer from a product-oriented firm to a service-producing organization has been lacking and obviously not made in non-profit
marketing situations. This paper examines these areas and presents a creative expansion of the logistics decision-making area
into nonprofit marketing. Hopefully, this setting will encourage others to investigate non-profit areas and, in particular,
the interrelationships involved in the logistics area. 相似文献
69.
Behavioral economics (BE) examines the implications for decision-making when actors suffer from biases documented in the psychological
literature. This article considers how such biases affect regulatory decisions. The article posits a simple model of a regulator
who serves as an agent to a political overseer. The regulator chooses a policy that accounts for the rewards she receives
from the political overseer—whose optimal policy is assumed to maximize short-run outputs that garner political support, rather
than long-term welfare outcomes—and the weight the regulator puts on the optimal long run policy. Flawed heuristics and myopia
are likely to lead regulators to adopt policies closer to the preferences of political overseers than they would otherwise.
The incentive structure for regulators is likely to reward those who adopt politically expedient policies, either intentionally
(due to a desire to please the political overseer) or accidentally (due to bounded rationality). The article urges that careful
thought be given to calls for greater state intervention, especially when those calls seek to correct firm biases. The article
proposes measures that focus rewards to regulators on outcomes rather than outputs as a way to help ameliorate regulatory
biases. 相似文献
70.
The authors use a large sample of non‐U.S. banks to examine the origins and spread of the 2007–2009 crisis. Using both stock market and structural variables, they test whether the effects of the crisis on individual banks are better explained by crisis models or by the VaR‐type analysis of the Basel system. The latter emphasizes risk weightings for individual assets while ignoring linkages that could leave banks exposed to systemic shocks. Consistent with crisis models, the authors find that a small set of pre‐crisis measures of a bank's international linkages, leverage, and the fragility of its liability structure does a good job of discriminating between banks that suffered a large impact and those that did not. (Indeed, these measures explain almost 50% of the differences among banks' stock returns during the crisis period, and almost 40% of the changes in the variability of those returns.) The authors also provide evidence of both a direct linkage among banks' stock returns and an indirect linkage that could reflect either linkages in the real economy or common demands by investors for liquidity. The authors run a “horse race” that demonstrates that simple measures of book leverage were better predictors of bank performance than the Basel capital ratios. They find that banks with lower Basel risk weightings prior to the crisis proved, on average, to be more exposed to the crisis. The authors' explanation is that banks with lower Basel risk measures tended to operate with higher leverage and more aggressive funding strategies, which in turn exposed them to greater crisis risk (even as they conformed to the letter of the Basel system in terms of asset risk measures). Finally, the authors find no evidence that substandard governance was a separate contributing factor to crisis exposure. Banks with substantial international business that were exposed to systemic shocks had high governance scores. 相似文献