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841.
Nicolas E. Magud Carmen M. Reinhart Esteban R. Vesperoni 《Review of Development Economics》2014,18(3):415-430
Historically, capital flow bonanzas have often fueled sharp credit expansions in advanced and emerging market economies alike. Focusing primarily on emerging markets, this paper analyzes the impact of exchange rate flexibility on credit markets during periods of large capital inflows. It is shown that bank credit is larger and its composition tilts to foreign currency in economies with less flexible exchange rate regimes, and that these results are not explained entirely by the fact that the latter attract more capital inflows than economies with more flexible regimes. The findings thus suggest countries with less flexible exchange rate regimes may stand to benefit the most from regulatory policies that reduce banks' incentives to tap external markets and to lend/borrow in foreign currency; these policies include marginal reserve requirements on foreign lending, currency‐dependent liquidity requirements and higher capital requirement and/or dynamic provisioning on foreign exchange loans. 相似文献
842.
Abstract. We analyse the contributions of patents to total factor productivity (TFP) performance in Korean manufacturing industries during the period 1981–1999. This paper treats potential autocorrelation problems seriously and uses recent panel cointegration approaches to investigate the robustness of the patent-TFP relationship. The results show that both domestic and foreign-resident patent applications have significant positive effects on productivity and that foreign-resident patent applications have a larger effect than domestic patents in improving TFP in Korean manufacturing. We also find evidence of knowledge spillovers among industries, in that the patent applications of other industries increase TFP in any single industry. 相似文献
843.
Demographic Change and Economic Growth in Asia 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
Trade openness, high savings rates, human capital accumulation, and macroeconomic policy only accounted for part of the 1965–1990 growth performance in East Asia. Subsequently, demographic change was shown to be a missing factor in explaining the East Asian growth premium. Since 1990, East Asia has undertaken major economic reforms in response to financial crises and other factors. We reexamine the role of the demographic transition in contributing to cross-country differences in economic growth through to 2005, with a particular focus on East Asia. We highlight the need for policy to offset potential negative effects of aging populations in the future. 相似文献
844.
Jorge H. García Shakeb Afsah Thomas Sterner 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2009,42(2):151-168
This paper analyzes differences in firms’ responsiveness to PROPER, Indonesia’s public disclosure program for industrial pollution
control. The overall effectiveness of this program at achieving emissions reductions and its low regulatory costs have earned
it a good reputation around the world. PROPER had no deterrents or incentives other than those that arose indirectly from
publicly disclosing information about the environmental performances of firms. We analyzed plant-level data to relate short-
and longer-term environmental responses to facility characteristics. The results revealed that foreign-owned firms were consistently
more likely to respond to the environmental rating scheme, compared to private domestic firms. This is a clear and important
insight with consequences for a number of issues, such as understanding the pollution haven debate. Also, firms located in
densely populated regions, particularly in Java, responded more positively to the public disclosure of PROPER ratings. The
main observed effect was however given by the initial level of environmental performance of firms. Those firms that had bad
environmental performance records felt pressure to improve, but if the initial abatement steps had already been taken, the
incentives to improve further appeared to diminish. 相似文献
845.
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is typically portrayed as a technique for promoting efficiency in government. We don’t deny that
CBA can be used in this manner, but instead focus on a different property of CBA, namely, its evolution from scholarly musings
into a framing institution within which budgetary processes operate. The evolution of CBA into institutional status, moreover,
shows the value of bringing a polyarchical perspective to bear on fiscal organization, wherein budgetary outcomes emerge through
structured interaction among participants. CBA is a product of interaction within a political ecology, as distinct from being
the product of some person’s optimizing choice.
相似文献
Richard E. WagnerEmail: |
846.
In order to address practical questions in credit portfolio management it is necessary to link the cyclical or systematic components of firm credit risk with the firm's own idiosyncratic credit risk as well as the systematic credit risk component of every other exposure in the portfolio. This paper builds on the methodology proposed by Pesaran, Schuermann, and Weiner [Pesaran, M.H., Schuermann, T., and Weiner, S.M., (2004), Modeling regional interdependencies using a global error correcting macroeconometric model, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 22, 2, 129–169.] and supplemented by Pesaran, Schuermann, Treutler and Weiner [Pesaran, M.H., Schuermann, T., Treutler, B., and Weiner, S.M., (2006), Macroeconomic dynamics and credit risk: a global perspective, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Volume 38, Number 5, August 2006, 1211–1261.] which has made a significant advance in credit risk modelling in that it avoids the use of proprietary balance sheet and distance-to-default data, focusing on credit ratings which are more freely available.In this paper a country-specific macroeconometric risk-driver engine which is compatible with and could feed into the GVAR model and framework of PSW (2004) is constructed, using vector error-correcting (VECM) techniques. This allows conditional loss estimation of a South African-specific credit portfolio but also opens the door for credit portfolio modelling on a global scale, as such a model can easily be linked to the GVAR model. The set of domestic factors is extended beyond those used in PSW (2004) in such a way that the risk-driver model is applicable for both retail and corporate credit risk. As such, the model can be applied to a total bank balance sheet, incorporating the correlation and diversification between both retail and corporate credit exposures.Assuming statistical over-identification restrictions, the results indicate that it is possible to construct a South African component for the GVAR model that can easily be integrated into the global component. From a practical application perspective the framework and model is particularly appealing since it can be used as a theoretically consistent correlation model within a South African-specific credit portfolio management tool. 相似文献
847.
In the framework of the EU-funded research project ALARM (Assessing LArge-scale environmental Risks with tested Methods), an original method combining the DPSIR (driving forces–pressures–state–impacts–responses) framework and an analysis based on the distinction between the four spheres of sustainability (environmental, economic, social and political) has been developed. This paper presents the application of this method, called “the tetrahedral DPSIR” for the identification and analysis of driving forces of environmental chemicals risks for biodiversity, in Europe. The purpose of this methodology is to help reduce the pressures on biodiversity through modifying the driving forces behind them by offering scientific advice to policy makers. We frame our analysis in the context of the current policy, namely the implementation of REACH (Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of CHemicals). 相似文献
848.
Fu-Sheng Tsai Author Vitae Linda H.Y. Hsieh Author Vitae Author Vitae Julia L. Lin Author Vitae 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》2009,76(5):629-643
Incubation has already proven to be of great value in promoting small and medium enterprise (SME) entrepreneurship activities and technological development in developed and developing countries. Incubation not only provides a diversified and integrated service for entrepreneurial ventures but also contributes upward to regional and national innovation and economic growth. Building upon the logic of co-evolution theory, this paper argues that incubation acts at the meso-level as a critical interface between macro-innovation systems and micro-business ventures. These multi-directional coupling elements in innovation ecology co-evolve to achieve collective interests and excellence, which in turn may stimulate technological development and social change. Important processes/mechanisms, including a policy kit and action, strategic networking, supportive associations, knowledge and intellectual capital management, among others, are discussed. Drawing on the national innovation system (NIS) and business incubation (BI) experience in Taiwan, we discuss the future prospects of incubation and innovation policies, including industrializing and globalizing incubation activities and virtual business incubation. 相似文献
849.
Trading spaces: Calculating embodied Ecological Footprints in international trade using a Product Land Use Matrix (PLUM) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Daniel D. Moran Mathis C. Wackernagel Benjamin W. Heumann Steven H. Goldfinger 《Ecological Economics》2009,68(7):1938-1951
Nations import and export biophysical resources. With many ecosystems worldwide under mounting stress, countries may be increasingly interested in knowing the extent and origin of their ecological imports and dependencies. In this paper the Ecological Footprint is used as a tool to measure the biophysical (as opposed to financial) value of international trade flows. This paper attempts to answer the following question: How large of an Ecological Footprint does a given country exert inside the borders of each of its trading partners? Records in the UN COMTRADE bilateral trade database are multiplied by a matrix of per-product Footprint yield coefficients to translate from values in dollars and tonnes to units of hectares. The results show that the largest interregional flows are from Latin to North America, and from North America to Asia-Pacific. Grouping countries by GDP, high and middle income countries appear in Footprint terms to trade predominantly with other high and middle income countries and much less with low income countries. 相似文献
850.
This paper develops a theory of optimal fertility behavior under mortality shocks. In an OLG model, young adults determine
their optimal fertility, labor supply and life-cycle consumption with both exogenous child and adult mortality risks. We show
that a rise in adult mortality exerts an ambiguous effect on both net and total fertility in a general equilibrium framework, while child mortality shocks unambiguously lead to a rise in
total fertility, leaving net fertility unchanged. We complement our theory with an empirical analysis using a sample of 39
Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the 1980–2004 period, examining the overall effects of the child and adult mortality
channels on both total and net fertility. We find child mortality to exert a robust, positive impact on total fertility but
no impact on net fertility, whereas a rise in adult mortality is found to negatively influence both total and net fertility.
Given the particular demographic profile of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (killing essentially young, active adults), we then conclude
in favor of an unambiguous negative effect of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on net fertility in SSA. 相似文献