Using Mokken scale analysis to develop unidimensional scales

This paper describes Mokken scale analysis as a method for assessing the unidimensionality of a set of items. As a nonparametric stochastic version of Guttman scale analysis, the Mokken model provides a useful starting point in scale construction since it does not impose severe restrictions on the functional form of the item trace lines. It requires only that the item trace lines are monotonically increasing and that they do not cross. After describing the Mokken method, we illustrate it by analyzing six abortion items from the 1975–1984 NORC General Social Surveys. In contrast to earlier parametric analyses of these items (regular and probit factor analyses), we find that these items form a single dimension. We argue that the two-dimension solution of these earlier analyses is an artifact of the differences in the difficulty of the items.     

Fuel for the body — Nourishment for dreams: Contradictory roles of food in contemporary Norwegian food advertising

The study explores and identifies the content of contemporary Norwegian food advertising with special attention to the ability of food of conjoining both the physical, social, and symbolic dimensions of human experience. The article focuses especially on the role of food in construction of gender identity. Quantitative and qualitative techniques are applied on a sample of 412 printed food adverts collected from Norwegian weekly and daily press.

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Zusammenfassung Brennstoff für den Körper — Nahrung für TrÄume: GegensÄtzliche Rollen von Nahrungsmitteln in der derzeitigen norwegischen Nahrungsmittelwerbung Berichtet wird über eine Studie zur Erforschung des Inhalts zeitgenössischer norwegischer Nahrungsmittelwerbung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der FÄhigkeit von Nahrungsmitteln, die physische, die soziale und die symbolische Dimension menschlicher Erfahrung miteinander zu verbinden. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Rolle von Nahrungsmitteln bei der Schaffung der GeschlechtsidentitÄt. Quantitative und qualitative Techniken werden auf Daten angewendet, die aus einer Stichprobe von 412 gedruckten Nahrungsmittelanzeigen aus der norwegischen Tages- und Wochenpresse stammen.

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The author would like to thank Randi Lavik, Eivind Jacobsen and Tormod Lunde for generous support and constructive comments during the data analysis procedure.     

USSR

Statistical Annex

USSR     

Voluntary disclosure and its impact on share prices: Evidence from the UK biotechnology sector

In the UK, SSAP 13 requires that firms immediately expense most of their R&D expenditures. The reported earnings of high-R&D expenditure firms are therefore likely to convey less value-relevant information to investors than those of less research-intensive firms. Using a sample of firms from the high-R&D UK biotechnology/pharmaceutical sector, we find that earnings announcements have a much lower price impact than drug development announcements. We also find that there are significantly more ‘good news’ voluntary announcements than ‘bad news’ announcements. Furthermore, our findings indicate that these firms are more likely to announce late than early stage developments, and that the pattern of disclosures, and the market’s reaction to them, varies between larger, dominant firms and their smaller counterparts.     

Neoliberalism with a Feminist Face: Crafting a new Hegemony at the World Bank

Neoliberalism has been discredited as a result of proliferating crises (financial, ecological, care) and mounting inequality. This paper examines the growing research on gender at the World Bank as a site for the construction of a new hegemonic consensus around neoliberalism. Drawing on a computer-assisted inductive analysis of thirty-four Bank publications on gender since 2001, the paper documents Bank efforts to establish a positive relationship between gender equality and growth; shows the expansion of the Bank’s definition of equality as equal opportunity; illustrates how the focus on institutions has enabled engagement with core feminist concerns, such as equality in the family; and traces how incorporating notions of women’s empowerment and agency has made possible a focus on domestic violence. The paper concludes by emphasizing the ambiguous effects of the Bank’s new neoliberalism, which continues to use the market as the arbiter of social values while providing openings for feminist agendas.     

Social tourism programmes for the senior market: a benefit segmentation analysis

The senior market has gained increasing interest from the tourism industry, mainly because of its considerable size and time flexibility. However, seniors are also a group facing many constraints to participating in tourism, which has led some countries to promote social tourism programmes for this market. However, little is known about the success of these programmes, while research showing the benefits derived by participants would be useful to continuously improve these initiatives. This paper presents a segmentation analysis of senior participants in a Portuguese social tourism programme, based on benefits derived. A questionnaire-based survey was undertaken, yielding a total of 848 valid responses, which were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis. Three clusters emerged: the least benefitted, the most benefitted and active and the highly benefitted and locally socializing seniors. The clusters were compared regarding socio-demographic profile, travel behaviour, satisfaction and loyalty. Several statistically significant differences among the clusters were observable, providing relevant inputs for managing social tourism programmes for this market.     

Performance of French destinations: Tourism attraction perspectives

In this paper, we assess and compare the performance of French tourism destinations, using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) two-stage procedure, where in the first stage the efficiency score are calculated, and then followed in the second stage by a bootstrapped truncated regression model. In the context of France such analysis takes an additional importance, especially as the country is expected to face a decrease in its tourism competitiveness. A discussion in terms of D-attraction and E-attraction is also proposed and policy recommendations are derived.     

Introduction: Land rights,restitution, politics,and war in Colombia

This paper introduces contributions to a symposium that report some of the findings and arguments to emerge from a collaborative research project involving five Colombian universities forming the Observatorio de Restitución y Regulación de Derechos de Propiedad Agraria (Observatory of Restitution and Regulation of Agrarian Property Rights). In a number of ways, the research presented in the symposium advances understanding of the political economy of rural Colombia, and of war in Colombia, and the papers, drawing on the original evidence collected by Observatorio researchers, develop arguments that have a wider relevance too for agrarian political economy and the understanding of violent conflict. In particular, the papers highlight the direct participation of elites in violent conflict; the varieties and nuances of wartime primitive accumulation; the complexities of the state's role in wartime agrarian political economy; the gender dimensions of agrarian conflict; the interaction of war and law; and the significance for service provision of farm size. As Colombia—hopefully—passes from long war to peace, these arguments and this evidence may be valuable in debates about what kind of peace can develop.     

The dimensions of rural tourism experience: impacts on arousal,memory, and satisfaction

ABSTRACT

Rural tourism is driven by the search for unique and memorable experiences in particular settings, but knowledge on visitors’ experiences in rural destinations is still scarce. This paper analyzes the rural tourism experience of Portuguese tourists who answered an online survey (N = 252). The paper aims at validating, in the rural tourism context, a previously proposed tourist experience scale, and analyzing the relationships between the experience, arousal, memory, and satisfaction. Results reveal that the rural tourism experience dimensions of education and esthetics positively predict rural tourists’ arousal, whereas escapism and esthetics determine memorability. Finally, implications for rural tourism marketing are discussed.     

Exploring the differences in early-stage start-up valuation across countries: an institutional perspective

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal - Countries increasingly compete to host innovative start-ups to secure and promote economic growth. However, because start-ups seem to be...