Dynamic employment adjustments over business cycles

This paper uses U.S. monthly industrial production employment data between 1964 and 2000 to examine the dynamic labor adjustments of production workers and nonproduction workers in both the short and long-run. The results from the short-run analysis show that the dynamic adjustment of production workers is consistent with business cycles. However, the adjustment of nonproduction workers is relatively fixed, lags behind the shocks over business cycle changes, and exhibits the quasi-fixed factor property. In the long-run, we found that nonproduction workers and production workers are cointegrated indicating that the two series are in long-run equilibrium.First version received: March 2002/Final version received: November 2003We would like to thank James McClure, participants in the Economics Department seminar series at Ball State University, and an anonymous referee for their comments and suggestions.     

Forecasting exchange rates using feedforward and recurrent neural networks

In this paper we investigate the out-of-sample forecasting ability of feedforward and recurrent neural networks based on empirical foreign exchange rate data. A two-step procedure is proposed to construct suitable networks, in which networks are selected based on the predictive stochastic complexity (PSC) criterion, and the selected networks are estimated using both recursive Newton algorithms and the method of nonlinear least squares. Our results show that PSC is a sensible criterion for selecting networks and for certain exchange rate series, some selected network models have significant market timing ability and/or significantly lower out-of-sample mean squared prediction error relative to the random walk model.     

经济全球化对区域自主创新能力的作用探析

经济全球化对我国的影响越来越大。文章通过对经济全球化的表现形式进行分析,得出我国参与经济全球化对各区域自主创新能力产生了几大作用:提供创新要素,打开新产品销路,增加创新压力,增强创新意识,保障创新成果。     

A Multi-Attribute Negotiation Support System with Market Signaling for Electronic Markets

Despite the rapid growth of technology and Internet-based markets, many of the current systems limit themselves to price as the single dimension variable and offer, if at all, only minimal negotiation support to the consumer. In the real world, commercial transactions take into account many other parameters both quantitative and qualitative such as product quality, speed, reputation, after sales service, etc. This paper discusses how these multiple attributes can be captured to augment standard negotiation processes in order to support electronic market transactions. Using a combination of utility theory and multicriteria decision-making, we propose heuristic algorithms to discover potential trades. In addition, the approach is included within a larger framework that incorporates market-signaling mechanisms. This not only allows for the systematic evolution of negotiation positions among buyers and sellers but can ultimately lead towards improving both market transparency and efficiency. To illustrate the multiple criteria model coupled with the dynamic market signaling framework, we report in this paper the implementation of a Web-based clearinghouse that serves the real estate market.     

Behind the veil: an exploratory study of the myths and realities of women in the Iranian workforce

Despite significant advancements, women executives and professionals have continued to complain about the existence of a glass ceiling in the UK, the USA, Canada and other countries that espouse equal employment opportunities. Little is known about the role and plight of women in the workforce in Islamic countries. In general, Western societies perceive the participation of women in the workforce and their upward career mobility as very limited in Islamic societies. This article seeks to address this limitation in the field by unravelling some of the myths and realities pertaining to women in the Iranian labour force. Based on interviews with 12 Iranians, reality checks were performed on five widely held perceptions of the status of women in Iran, including women's participation in the labour force, appointment to managerial/professional positions, representation in higher education, segregation in the workplace, and Islam's attitude towards non‐Muslims. These issues are discussed in the contexts of foreign direct investment in Iran and other Islamic countries. Implications for international human resource management, including the assignment of women expatriates to Iran and other Islamic nations, are also addressed.     

The relationship between innovation network and innovation capability: a social network perspective

The key for acquiring innovation capability is knowledge transmission which is primarily based on the closer and tighter connections among businesses and other actors within innovation networks. Previous literature of patent analysis based on social network only explains the most influential corporations within an industry through social network indicators, but did not investigate the impact of these indicators on a firm’s innovation capability. This study uses social network perspective ‘centrality, cohesion and density’ to investigate the relationship between innovation network and innovation capability in the global semiconductor industry. Two purposes of this study are: (1) to investigate the innovation network relationship within the semiconductor industry at different periods and its evolution and (2) to study whether network position occupied by a firm in innovation network influences innovation capability. The empirical results show that firms with higher centrality and higher density have stronger innovation capability, but the weaker innovation capability with closer connection of sub-cluster (cohesion).     

Energy and Non-Energy Input Substitution Possibilities and Output Scale Effects in Canadian Agriculture

A generalized Leontief cost function was used to investigate energy and non-energy input substitution possibilities and output scale effects on factor demand in Canadian agriculture. Results suggest that (1) substitution possibilities exist between energy and non-energy inputs, and energy and energy-based inputs appear to be complements; (2) labor is the best substitute for energy inputs, followed by land and other intermediate inputs; and (3) the output scale has significant effect in reducing production costs and decreasing the responsiveness of input to price changes. These findings indicate that an effective energy conservation measure would be the encouragement of production practices oriented to use more labor and land intensive techniques rather than using more agricultural chemicals for reducing cultivation practices. On a utilisé une fonction de coút Léontief généralisée pour examiner d'une part les possibilitiés de substituer entrées énergétiques el non énergétiques et d'autre part les effets d'échelle de sortie sur la demande factorielle dans l'agriculture canadienne. Les résultats suggérent que: (1) il est possible de substituer entrées énergétiques et non énergétiques; les entrées énergétiques et celles basées sur l'énergie semblent complémentaires, (2) la main-d'oeuvre est le meilleur substitut aux entrées énergétiques; viennent ensuite la terre et autres entrees intermédiares, et (3) l'échelle de sortie joue un rǒle déterminant dans la réduction des coúts de production et dans une sensibilité plus petite des entrées aux changements de prix. Ces découvertes indiquent qu'une mesure efficace pour conserver l'énergie serait, plutǒl que d'utiliser davantage de produits chimiques agricoles, d'encourager les pratiques de production basée sur la main-d'oeuvre et l'utilisation intensive de la terre.     

税务机关辨析

《税收征管法》和《税收征管法实施细则》规定各级税务局、税务分局、税务所和稽查局都是税务机关,导致税务机关在税收执法实践中出现诸多问题。稽查局、某些税务分局和税务所与各级税务局不是同一性质的行政主体,是不能与税务局并列的。因此,需要将稽查局、税务分局和税务所从税务机关的概念范畴中剔除出来。