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111.
This paper analyzes the possible consequences of diverging economic developments within the euro area, given the current decision-making
process of the European Central Bank (ECB). For the German Bundesbank, the role model of the ECB, there is evidence that differences
in the economic situation in the various states affected voting behavior in the Governing Council. For the euro area countries,
the paper finds that, despite convergence, important differences in terms of economic performance and preferences remain.
As all national central banks have one vote within the Governing Council of the ECB, there is a risk that national considerations
may prevail over EMU-wide considerations. 相似文献
112.
Often it is maintained that democracy is a luxury which comes at a price in terms of subsequent slower increases in national living standards. However, various recent cross-section studies on economic growth have found evidence that lack of civil and political liberties is negatively correlated with economic growth. Using various measures of democracy the robustness of previous research is examined. Both direct and indirect effects of lack of civil and political liberties are analysed. Our main conclusion is that the relationship between democracy and economic growth is not robust. 相似文献
113.
Saving,investment, and capital mobility: A comment on Leachman 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
In this note we use a consistent long-run data set recently published by Maddison (1991) for 10 countries to examine the long-run relationship between saving and investment. In contrast to recent findings of Leachman (1991) we conclude that saving and investment are cointegrated in many countries. Our results suggest that aggregate demand and supply shocks explain much of the time series correlation between total saving and investment. 相似文献
114.
Consider an ordered sample (1) , (2) ,…, (2n+1) of size 2 n +1 from the normal distribution with parameters μ and . We then have with probability one
(1) < (2) < … < (2 n +1).
The random variable
n =(n+1) /(2n+1) -(1)
that can be described as the quotient of the sample median and the sample range, provides us with an estimate for μ/, that is easy to calculate. To calculate the distribution of hn is quite a different matter***. The distribution function of h1 , and the density of h2 are given in section 1. Our results seem hardly promising for general hn . In section 2 it is shown that hn is asymptotically normal.
In the sequel we suppose μ= 0 and = 1, i.e. we consider only the "central" distribution. Note that hn can be used as a test statistic replacing Student's t. In that case the central hn is all that is needed. 相似文献
The random variable
that can be described as the quotient of the sample median and the sample range, provides us with an estimate for μ/, that is easy to calculate. To calculate the distribution of h
In the sequel we suppose μ= 0 and = 1, i.e. we consider only the "central" distribution. Note that h
115.
We analyse the microeconomic determinants of cross‐border bank acquisitions in 11 transition economies over the period 1992–2006. We find that foreign banks target relatively large and efficient banks when they enter transition economies with weak institutions. This evidence provides support for the ‘market power’ hypothesis. However, when foreign banks enter more developed transition economies that have made progress in economic reform, they acquire less efficient banks. This result is in line with the efficiency hypothesis. We use a multilevel mixed effects logit model that allows us to explicitly incorporate the macroeconomic and institutional heterogeneity of the transition economies into our analysis. 相似文献
116.
Using various indicators for central bank independence we examinethe relationship between central bank independence and governmentbudget deficits. Using a two-stage procedure we also analyzewhether central bank independence affects the monetization ofdeficits. First, the monetization relation in each country isestimated and then the resulting accommodation coefficientsare related to central bank independence. We conclude that onlyif the turnover rate of central bank governors or the politicalvulnerability mdex is used monetary accommodation of deficitsis negatively related to central bank independence. There isno relationship between independence and the level of budgetdeficits 相似文献
117.
A house price index based on the SPAR method 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Paul de Vries Jan de Haan Erna van der Wal Gust Mariën 《Journal of Housing Economics》2009,18(3):214-223
Within the European Union there has been a push to provide European governments and the European Central Bank with the statistics they need for monitoring the owner-occupied sector. This paper reports on the results of a project to develop a house price index for the Netherlands. From January 2008, Kadaster, the Dutch land registry office, and Statistics Netherlands began jointly publishing house price index numbers for the whole country and for some specific dwelling types and regions. A number of special institutional features of the situation in the Netherlands contributed to the choice of index construction method. The indexes are computed using the Sale Price Appraisal Ratio (SPAR) method, which utilizes the ratios of transaction prices and previous appraisal values. We describe the SPAR method, compare it with repeat sales methods and assess the reliability of the official Dutch appraisal values. Empirical results for January 1995–March 2009 are presented. The SPAR method performs well compared to repeat sales, and the results reported will be of interest to other countries that have, or could instigate, institutional arrangements similar to those in the Netherlands. 相似文献
118.
We examine whether bank earnings volatility depends on bank size. Using quarterly data for bank holding companies in the United States for the period 1995Q1–2010Q3 and controlling for the quality of management, leverage, and diversification, we find that bank size reduces return volatility. However, the effect is non-linear: when bank size exceeds a certain threshold (about US$5 billion) size is positively related to earnings volatility. The recent financial crisis decreased the threshold beyond which the impact of size on volatility turns positive. 相似文献
119.
Bank loan portfolios and the monetary transmission mechanism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We study the portfolio behavior of bank loans following a monetary tightening and find that real estate and consumer loans sharply decrease, while commercial and industrial (C&I) loans increase. These responses are compared with responses following non-monetary shocks, which also reduce output but keep interest rates roughly unchanged. During such a “non-monetary” downturn, C&I loans sharply decrease, while real estate and consumer loans show no substantial response. These responses, together with the responses of relevant lending rates, are hard to reconcile with a decline in the supply of C&I bank loans during a monetary downturn as stressed by the bank-lending channel. Several arguments are presented explaining why the supply of C&I loans may actually increase after a monetary contraction. 相似文献
120.
This is an account of theoretical and applied statistical work done in connection with the problem how to determine a safe height for the sea dikes in the Netherlands 相似文献