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31.
This paper utilizes new Dutch transaction-level data on international trade to investigate the microeconomic patterns of Dutch
exports. First, we show that self-selection based on ex-ante productivity drives firms’ export decisions, which we subsequently
relate to various sources of fixed market-entry costs: governance and regulatory quality, the extent of corruption, and cultural
proximity. Second, we provide evidence that firms learn to export by trial and error, so as to obtain experience in exporting
and to gather knowledge about the potential of foreign markets. Such experimentation appears to be reflected in the volatility
of a firm’s export product portfolio. More volatility is associated with a higher survival rate in the export market. Finally,
we draw conclusions on the potential implications for trade policy. 相似文献
32.
Exports and Productivity Selection Effects for Dutch Firms 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The paper tests whether recent theories of international trade with heterogeneous firms can explain the export patterns in
Dutch firm- and plant- level data in manufacturing and services. Recent trade models with heterogeneous firms predict that
the export decision of firms is affected by sunk entry costs in foreign markets, with only the most productive firms self-selecting
into exports. We test a latent variable model of the export decision by probit regressions and standard OLS panel regressions.
Our results support the self-selection prediction. The process further appears to be conditioned by scale effects, market
structure and multinational affiliation. Regarding alternative explanations, we do not find evidence for the learning-by-exporting
hypothesis, even when controlling for the firm’s distance to the international productivity frontier. 相似文献
33.
The mountains in the northeastern part of Tanzania have been experiencing declining soil fertility and severe soil erosion due to increased cultivation and other factors attributed to population pressure. This study gives the main results of an analysis of household adoption behaviour towards the use of improved soil conservation measures. An interdisciplinary analytical framework for analyzing household adoption behaviour is presented. The framework links three components of the adoption decision process: the perception of the erosion problem, the decision to use improved conservation measures and the level of investment or effort devoted to soil conservation among adopters. Data collected from a random sample of 300 heads of households was used to estimate logit models of perception of the erosion problem and of adoption of improved conservation measures, and a Poisson regression model of effort devoted to conservation. The results show that participation in promotional activities of soil and water conservation (SWC) programmes influences the adoption decision process at all three stages. Also, ranking of soil erosion as the priority problem in agricultural production, participation in labour-sharing groups and having off-farm income influence the willingness and ability to use improved soil conservation technologies and the level of soil conservation effort. 相似文献
34.
Summary Together with a move from a rules-based legal approach to a more economic approach in competition cases, the economic effects
of competition law enforcement have received increasing attention. Measuring these effects is important for external accountability
of the Competition Authority, for quality control of its decisions and for evaluating the effectiveness of the competition
law. This raises many issues in measurement, including the choice of counterfactual, the choice of effects to be measured,
and the proper use of available data. The papers in this Special Issue of De Economist discuss these and related issues, based
on a broad range of experience in competition law enforcement.
相似文献
35.
The paper analyzes the direct and indirect environmental impacts of the completion of the Single European Market, both internally and with respect to the Rest of the World. Moreover, the principles of environmental policy are described. The main conclusion is that if the European Community and the member states develop effective and efficient policy instruments the positive effects of the completion of the Single Market could substantially outweigh the negative impacts. 相似文献
36.
Interconnected games and international environmental problems 总被引:1,自引:5,他引:1
Henk Folmer Pierre v. Mouche Shannon Ragland 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1993,3(4):313-335
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of interconnected games and to show its relevance for modeling international environmental problems. It is argued that an interconnected game approach to international environmental problems may enhance cooperation and provide an alternative to the use of financial side payments to induce countries to cooperate. Two types of interconnected games are distinguished in this paper, i.e. direct sum games and tensor games. In the former all the constituting isolated games are games in strategic form and in the latter they are repeated games. In both cases the interconnected game can be interpreted as a multiple objective game, but only the setting where a trade-off is made for the vector-payoffs is considered. In addition to the formal definition of these types of interconnected games, some elementary results concerning Nash equilibria of such games are derived.Folmer and v. Mouche: Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Postbus 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands; Ragland: University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0256, U.S.A. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the EAERE conference in Stockholm, June 1991. The authors appreciate comments made by conference participants and journal referees. 相似文献
37.
This paper examines the relation between derivatives use and financial characteristics of Australian industrial and mining firms. The firm characteristics proxy for financial distress, tax losses, managerial ownership, growth opportunities, the ability to generate operating cash flows and liquidity. We also control for firm size, dividends and exposure to foreign exchange risk. The results show that firm size and leverage are the main explanatory variables for derivative use for both industrial and mining firms 相似文献
38.
Theoretical models on group lending assume the formation of groups of homogenous risk types. Recent theoretical and empirical findings challenge this view arguing that when markets for insurance are missing, risk homogeneity may not hold any more and risk heterogeneity can be the optimal outcome. Using data from an MFI in Tigray (Ethiopia), this article examines the homogeneity hypothesis and reflects on implications for repayment. No evidence is found that supports risk homogeneity, even accounting for matching frictions. However, we also do not find an explicit link between the presence of risk heterogeneity and side-payments due to missing insurance as suggested in the literature. Instead, other trust-based social networks seem to underlie heterogeneity. Such social networks are often synchronized with credit groups and influence the probability of repayment under heterogeneity. The implication is that successful repayment rates in group lending need not arise only under risk homogeneity but can also arise under risk heterogeneity. Heterogeneity may also serve to bridge missing insurance markets in poor rural environments. MFIs therefore need to consider such local conditions when designing their lending schemes. 相似文献
39.
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