Budget impact model in moderate-to-severe psoriasis vulgaris assessing effects of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate foam on per-patient standard of care costs

Aims: To develop a budget impact model (BIM) for estimating the financial impact of formulary adoption and uptake of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate (C/BD) foam (0.005%/0.064%) on the costs of biologics for treating moderate-to-severe psoriasis vulgaris in a hypothetical US healthcare plan with 1 million members.

Methods: This BIM incorporated epidemiologic data, market uptake assumptions, and drug utilization costs, simulating the treatment mix for patients who are candidates for biologics before (Scenario #1) and after (Scenario #2) the introduction of C/BD foam. Predicted outcomes were expressed in terms of the annual cost of treatment (COT) and the COT per member per month (PMPM).

Results: At year 1, C/BD foam had the lowest per-patient cost ($9,913) necessary to achieve a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)-75 response compared with etanercept ($73,773), adalimumab ($92,871), infliximab ($34,048), ustekinumab ($83,975), secukinumab ($113,858), apremilast ($47,960), and ixekizumab ($62,707). Following addition of C/BD foam to the formulary, the annual COT for moderate-to-severe psoriasis would decrease by $36,112,572 (17.91%, from $201,621,219 to $165,508,647). The COT PMPM is expected to decrease by $3.00 (17.86%, from $16.80 to $13.80).

Limitations: Drug costs were based on Medi-Span reference pricing (January 21, 2016); differences in treatment costs for drug administration, laboratory monitoring, or adverse events were not accounted for. Potentially confounding were the definition of “moderate-to-severe” and the heterogeneous efficacy data. The per-patient cost for PASI-75 response at year 1 was estimated from short-term efficacy data for C/BD foam and apremilast only.

Conclusions: The introduction of C/BD foam is expected to decrease the annual COT for moderate-to-severe psoriasis treatable with biologics by $36,112,572 for a hypothetical US healthcare plan with 1 million plan members, and to lower the COT PMPM by $3.00.     

职业经理人制度--家族企业发展的趋势

一、家族式管理的家族企业的弊端当今世界,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,家族企业都在顽强地生存和发展,世界上许多大公司都是由家族企业经营或控制发展而来的,如:杜邦、福特、波音、摩托罗拉等均为家族企业,它们都列在美国500家最大公司中的前几位。据克林·盖尔西克的统计,在全世界企业中,由家族所有或经营的企业占65%～80%,这在东南亚及东亚更为突出。可见,家族企业在世界各国都占据着重要地位。经过国内外的实践,家族企业之所以延伸到现代企业,关键是采用了职业经理人制度。在我国,中共十六大提出“私营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组…     

船舶消防用水对船舶稳性影响之研究

在船舶灭火中,由于忽视消防用水对船舶稳性的影响造成船舶倾覆的事故时有发生。文中通过对船舶灭火过程中消防用水对船舶稳性所造成的影响因素进行研究和分析,提出了消除不良影响的应对措施。     

社会审计委托代理分析

本文分析了社会审计契约中委托代理关系及审计信息不对称表现及形成原因,通过建立社会审计的委托代理模型,揭示了在审计人和委托人均完全理性的假设下,委托人可以通过激励机制鼓励审计人尽最大努力完成工作。在此基础上分析了我国社会审计收费制度的不合理性、转轨经济环境下社会审计合约具有的不完全契约特性,并提出了改革的设想。     

Business Groups: An Integrated Model to Focus Future Research

abstract    Business groups are the primary form of managing large business organizations outside North America. This paper provides a systematic and integrative framework for understanding business groups. We argue that existing theoretical perspectives of business groups pay attention to four critical external contexts, each of which draws from a specific theoretical perspective: market conditions (transaction cost theory), social relationships (relational perspective), political factors (political economy perspective), and external monitoring mechanisms (agency theory). Business groups adapt to these external forces by deploying various internal mechanisms along two key dimensions: one focuses on the distinctive roles of the group affiliates (horizontal connectedness) and the other focuses on coupling and order between the parent firm and its affiliates (vertical linkages). Based on these two dimensions, a typology of business group forms is developed: network (N-form), club (C-form), holding (H-form), and multidivisional (M-form). Utilizing this model we provide research questions which facilitate an improved future research agenda.     

利用多媒体技术提高实验课有效教学的探讨

教育在推进人类社会文明的进程中，不断汲取、运用现代化教学手段，进行有效教学，培养人才。文章提出了什么是有效教学，并对传统教学方式与多媒体教学方式进行比较，探索了如何利用现代化教学手段一多媒体技术，设计教学过程，提高实验课有效教学的方法和思路。     

区位品牌的形成与维护

区位品牌是创造区域产业竞争优势的重要途径,对推动区域经济发展具有重要意义。文章给出了区位品牌的含义,分析了区位品牌形成的三种主要途径,探讨了区位品牌形象容易受损的原因,提出了区位品牌维护的对策。     

Vicarious warfare and dynamic efficiency of companies in the aerospace and defence industry

This study explores the economic performance that vicarious warfare can bring for the aerospace and defence industry. First, this study measures the performance of 22 companies using a nonradial dynamic data envelopment analysis model from 2011 to 2017. Second, this study evaluates whether vicarious warfare can influence the performance. The efficiency analysis suggests rooms for improvements meanwhile, the projection analysis suggests that market value should be significantly increased, and the number of employees should be reduced significantly. The regression analysis suggests that the number of times a country takes a side in wars would positively affect the efficiency of companies.     

Industrial upgrading efficiency and free markets in emerging economies: A two-stage meta-frontier approach

This paper establishes an industrial upgrading model by dividing the industrial upgrading process into two: the foundation–construction and industrial upgrading stages. Eighty-one sample countries, from 2006 to 2012, were divided into two groups according to their degree of market freedom. The meta-frontier method was employed to explore technology gaps in the groups caused by the different markets. It was found that emerging economies with a free market have a better upgrading performance than those with a restricted market, and the efficiency gap between the two groups was seen to be continually increasing.