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71.
Tom Nordblom Iain Hume Andrew Bathgate Michael Reynolds 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2006,50(3):381-402
Land managers in upper catchments are being asked to make expensive changes in land use, such as by planting trees, to attain environmental service targets, including reduced salt loads in rivers, to meet needs of downstream towns, farms and natural habitats. End‐of‐valley targets for salt loads have sometimes been set without a quantitative model of cause and effect regarding impacts on water yields, economic efficiency or distribution of costs and benefits among stakeholders. This paper presents a method for calculating a ‘menu’ of technically feasible options for changes from current to future mean water yields and salt loads from upstream catchments having local groundwater flow systems, and the land‐use changes to attain each of these options at minimum cost. It sets the economic stage for upstream landholders to negotiate with downstream parties future water‐yield and salt‐load targets, on the basis of what it will cost to supply these ecosystem services. 相似文献
72.
Kelvin Balcombe Hristos Doucouliagos Iain Fraser 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2007,51(2):137-156
In this paper we estimate a Translog output distance function for a balanced panel of state level data for the Australian dairy processing sector. We estimate a fixed effects specification employing Bayesian methods, with and without the imposition of monotonicity and curvature restrictions. Our results indicate that Tasmania and Victoria are the most technically efficient states with New South Wales being the least efficient. The imposition of theoretical restrictions marginally affects the results especially with respect to estimates of technical change and industry deregulation. Importantly, our bias estimates show changes in both input use and output mix that result from deregulation. Specifically, we find that deregulation has positively biased the production of butter, cheese and powders. 相似文献
73.
74.
The new policy environment of EMU affects economic, political and social cohesion in different ways: the policy mix and menu
will be reconfigured; it will provide for more macroeconomic stability in cohesion countries; economic competition will intensify
and change patterns of specialisation; and comparison of living standards will become easier, which puts pressure on policymakers
to reduce inequalities. This article assesses the significance of these effects and their likely consequences in the short,
medium and long run. Then the salient cohesion issues as regards eastern enlargement are discussed. Finally, policy conclusions
are drawn, mindful of the considerable uncertainties that warrant further research.
joint editor of the Journal of Common Market Studies. He has just moved to the European Institute of the London School of
Economics and Political Science, UK.
He is also Visiting Associate Professor at the University of Aveiro 相似文献
75.
76.
This study investigated the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and turnover intention in 162 production workers in the same organization within Malaysia, Germany and England. Further, differences in ratings of OCB across cultures were examined. Self-report questionnaires measuring turnover intention and five dimensions of OCB (altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, sportsmanship and civic virtue) were administered to the samples. Results illustrated that OCB related significantly to turnover intention, with sportsmanship emerging as the strongest predictor of turnover intention across cultures. Cultural differences in OCB ratings were seen, with the Malaysian sample generally scoring higher than the other two samples. However, the relationship between OCB and turnover intention was similar within each culture group. Explanations of the findings and limitations are discussed. 相似文献
77.
This is a case study investigating the growth of fair trade pioneer, Cafédirect. We explore the growth of the company and
develop strategic insights on how Cafédirect has attained its prominent position in the UK mainstream coffee industry based
on its ethical positioning. We explore the marketing, networks and communications channels of the brand which have led to
rapid growth from niche player to a mainstream brand. However, the company is experiencing a slow down in its meteoric rise
and we question whether it is possible for the company to regain its former momentum with its current marketing strategy. 相似文献
78.
We introduce a number of nonstandard stochastic volatility (SV) models and examine their performance when applied to the series of daily returns on several stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The nonstandard models under investigation extend both the observation process and the volatility-generating process of basic SV models. In particular, we consider dependent as well as independent mixtures of autoregressive components as the log-volatility process, and include in the observation equation a lower bound on the volatility. We also consider an experimental SV model that is based on conditionally gamma-distributed volatilities.Our estimation method is based on the fact that an SV model can be approximated arbitrarily accurately by a hidden Markov model (HMM), whose likelihood is easy to compute and to maximize. The method is close, but not identical, to those of Fridman and Harris (1998), Bartolucci and De Luca (2001, 2003) and Clements et al. (2006), and makes explicit the useful link between HMMs and the methods of those authors. Likelihood-based estimation of the parameters of SV models is usually regarded as challenging because the likelihood is a high-dimensional multiple integral. The HMM approximation is easy to implement and particularly convenient for fitting experimental extensions and variants of SV models such as those we introduce here. In addition, and in contrast to the case of SV models themselves, simple formulae are available for the forecast distributions of HMMs, for computing appropriately defined residuals, and for decoding, i.e. estimating the volatility of the process. 相似文献
79.
This paper investigates the stock market reaction to the announcement that a firm has been included in the UK FTSE4Good index
of socially responsible firms. We use the announcement of firm inclusion in the index to estimate the stock market reaction
to a firm being classified as socially responsible. This is an important test of whether investors view the undertaking of
socially responsible activities by firms as a value increasing or value decreasing initiative by management. We do not find
strong evidence in favour of a positive market reaction. However, there is a large cross-sectional variation in the market
reaction to this announcement. Investors appear to be reacting to this event and there are a number of firm characteristics
that are well-established proxies for CSR that can explain the market reaction. 相似文献
80.
This article explores the extent to which consumers consider ethics in luxury goods consumption. In particular, it explores
whether there is a significant difference between consumers’ propensity to consider ethics in luxury versus commodity purchase
and whether consumers are ready to purchase ethical-luxury. Prior research in ethical consumption focuses on low value, commoditized
product categories such as food, cosmetics and high street apparel. It is debatable if consumers follow similar ethical consumption
patterns in luxury purchases. Findings indicate that consumers’ propensity to consider ethics is significantly lower in luxury
purchases when compared to commoditized purchases and explores some of the potential reasons for this reduced propensity to
identify or act upon ethical issues in luxury consumption. 相似文献