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251.
    
Evidence from a wide sample of Italian private firms shows that cash holdings are significantly related with smaller size, higher risk and lower effective tax rates, therefore supporting predictions from the trade-off model. More cash is also held by firms with longer cash conversion cycles and lower financing deficits, as predicted by the financing hierarchy theory. Reported evidence also shows that dividend payments are associated with more cash holdings, and both bank debt and net working capital represent good cash-substitutes. When controlling for macroeconomic and industry factors, some variables lose their significance, but the general findings are confirmed. Finally, cash-rich companies are found to be more profitable, to pay more dividends and to invest more in a medium-term future horizon.  相似文献   
252.
This paper reviews the open source R language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. The paper stresses the potential usefulness for Asian universities, researchers and organizations concerned with data analysis. We provide some practical guidelines and information on useful resources when working with R. We also include some examples to illustrate the scope of R as an object-oriented language and introduce the basic syntax.  相似文献   
253.
This paper implements the conceptual framework sketched by Pyatt (1990) to construct an extended Social Accounting Matrix for Spain in 1995 (ESAM-95) to consider, in addition to the market economy, the production of services provided by households through unpaid work. In doing so, the ESAM-95 integrates the accounts related to market activities (ESA accounts) with non-market activities (non-ESA accounts) in a consistent way. Additional classifications are introduced in both ESA and non-ESA accounts in order to disaggregate the institutional accounts by household type and those of production factors by educational level and gender. The extended SAM is useful to calibrate CGE models in which the distribution of time between paid and unpaid work is a relevant variable.  相似文献   
254.
    
We examine the evolution of competition and entry‐order advantages in markets under macroeconomic distress. Through formal modeling of early‐mover advantages along industry life cycles subjected to economic shocks and based on simulation findings, we propose that such shocks exogenously induce temporary industry discontinuities that shift the relative value of distinct asset endowments, thereby switching the bases for competitive advantages vis‐à‐vis those found in stable contexts. A vital trade‐off then emerges between a firm's financial flexibility and its pace of investments in isolating mechanisms, such that the former operates as a contingency factor for the latter. As such, flexibility superiority boosts early‐entrants' advantages, while it alternatively gives laggards a much desired strength to out trump first‐mover rivals. Our study informs entry‐order advantage theory and management practice in economically turbulent contexts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
255.
This paper discusses the 'nationality effect' in the management of HRM by multinational companies (MNCs). After reviewing relevant literature in the institutionalist tradition and on 'national business systems', it assesses the elements of national environments that are most likely to influence MNC behaviour. It explores the tensions arising between the requirements of 'globalized' operations and the characteristics MNCs have adopted from their home environment. It is suggested that MNCs respond to such tensions by adopting various adaptation strategies, the most important of which may be termed 'Anglo-Saxonization': a convergence of MNC behaviour around a model typical of highly internationalized British or US MNCs. The argument is illustrated by findings from two German case studies, one of a large manufacturer, the other of a major bank; evidence is found of the Anglo-Saxonization of international HRM in these companies, but it appears to be taking place in a distinctively German manner.  相似文献   
256.
We analyze the implications of two-tier unemployment compensation systems with non-automatic eligibility in an equilibrium matching model with Nash bargaining. As eligibility for UI does not automatically follow from employment, the two types of unemployed workers have different threat points, which delivers equilibrium wage dispersion. The parameters of the model are estimated for France, and the model is also calibrated for Denmark and the U.S. Re-entitlement effects are shown to be sizeable for all three countries. For France, re-entitlement effects lower by 15% the rise in the wage and by 25% the rise in unemployment following a 10% increase in the benefit level. Finally, we show that in all three countries the optimal compensation system is characterized by time-decreasing unemployment benefits and non-automatic eligibility for UI, with higher levels of both UI and UA benefits, a smaller decrease in benefits over time, and a longer employment duration required for UI eligibility than in the current system.  相似文献   
257.
    
The Edgeworth-Sargan density has been shown capable of capturing empirical regularities of financial data (thick tails and asymmetries). When compared to other densities used in applied finance, it has the advantage of its analytical simplicity, and the ability to improve data fits by adding more parameters in a natural way. This paper develops an explicit form for the multivariate Edgeworth-Sargan density and compare its performance to the multivariate Students t. The comparison is carried out with daily financial observations, spanning 25 years of data for several financial variables that include stock markets indices and interest and exchange rates for several countries.JEL Classification: C12, G1The author acknowledges Prof. Ignacio Mauleón, PhD supervisor of the dissertation this article is based on, and also to Esther del Brío, Helen Jones and two anonymous referees for their helpful and constructive comments. This paper is financed by the C.I.C.Y.T. under project SEC98-1112 and the J.C.Y.L. under project SA29/99. Responsibility for the contents, as well as possible deficiencies, remains solely with the author.  相似文献   
258.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the hypothesis of German dominance in the European Monetary System (EMS). For this purpose, we use monthly interest rates for nine European countries from January 1979 to the second half of 1997. In particular, we test the stability of the implied long-run relationships to assess whether there has been a significant change in the EMS performance. The econometric methodology is based on Johansen's maximum likelihood procedure and several tests for parameter instability. The most important finding is that, although Germany has a significant influence on the monetary policy of the other European countries, it is not possible to accept the existence of dominance. First version received: May 1999/Final version received: November 2000  相似文献   
259.
    
ABSTRACT

Proinnovation bias has limited marketing scholars to studying only the dynamics of rapidly spreading innovations. Firms also need to understand how old products are being discontinued. Wealth, substitute products, and time effects on the rate of discontinuance of four durable goods are analyzed in 86 countries. The rate of discontinuance is found to be faster in countries in which discontinuance tends to start later and is slower than the rate of adoption. It tends to be faster in emerging economies. The authors conclude that assuming that the rates of adoption and discontinuance have the same dynamics may lead to wrong strategic decisions.  相似文献   
260.
This paper adapts the ethical index of income mobility first suggested by Chakravarty, Dutta and Weymark (1985) to assess the contribution of wives, husbands, and other adults' member level income to husband-wife households' income mobility according to two of the criteria discussed in the literature. For any partition of the population, a source's contribution is seen to be decomposable into within-group and between-group income mobility indices plus a term capturing sub-group differences in income shares. The approach is applied to a sample of husband-wife households where both spouses are present, extracted from the 1990–91 Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares , the Spanish household budget survey. While the husbands' income contribution is large and positive, the contribution of wives and other adults is practically equal to zero. When mean income differences are eliminated, all member contributions to husband-wife households' income mobility are substantially reduced.
JEL classification: D31, D33.  相似文献   
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