区域协调发展背景下新疆旅游业平衡地区经济差距作用评价

目的/意义确定新疆旅游业在区域协调发展中的作用和潜力。方法/过程首先对新疆各地的经济差距、旅游经济差距进行了测算。然后,采用“旅游经济平衡指数”和集对分析两种方法进一步对新疆旅游业平衡地区经济差距的效果进行评价。最后,为了进一步明确新疆各地特别是落后地区旅游发展的潜力,对新疆各地旅游资源潜力进行分析。结果/结论结果显示:1)新疆各地经济差距突出,存在区域不协调发展的风险;2)旅游经济在新疆区域协调发展中发挥了平衡效果,且还有很大潜力;3)新疆各地旅游资源潜力与经济格局不完全反向对应,但充分挖掘各地旅游资源潜力,积极发展旅游产业,特别是国际旅游,将有助于喀什地区及其周边落后地区的经济发展和脱贫致富,也有利于伊犁、塔城、阿克苏、阿勒泰、吐鲁番等中等地区缩小与发达地区的差距。因此,未来大力发展旅游业将有助于新疆的区域协调发展。     

The economics term paper as an effective teaching tool: Another approach

Summary and conclusion Combining the term paper with the format of a professional conference session provided a learning experience with a lasting positive impact. Students' role playing as chairperson, presenters, and discussants helped to enhance the learning process. Students were motivated go the extra mile not only for peer approval but also because of the impact on their final grade. This approach also helped to develop their oral and written communications skills. These skills are equally relevant for students planning academic and business careers.The presenter-discussant format encouraged critical thinking and provided students with immediate feedback on the success of their efforts. Students who have experienced the process are more knowledgeable about their topic. Most importantly, they are better prepared to succeed at future research projects on other topics.     

Anonymous sequential games: Existence and characterization of equilibria

Summary In this paper we consider Anonymous Sequential Games with Aggregate Uncertainty. We prove existence of equilibrium when there is a general state space representing aggregate uncertainty. When the economy is stationary and the underlying process governing aggregate uncertainty Markov, we provide Markov representations of the equilibria.Table of notation Agents' characteristics space ( ) - A Action space of each agent (aA) - Y Y = x A - Aggregate distribution on agents' characteristics - (X) Space of probability measures onX - C(X) Space of continuous functions onX - _X Family of Borel sets ofX - State space of aggregate uncertainty ( ) - x _t=1 aggregate uncertainty for the infinite game - = (₁,₂,...,_t,...) - ^{t t} (₁, ₂,..., _t) - L₁(^t,C ×A),v _t Normed space of measurable functions from ^t toC( x A) - 8o(^t,( x A)) Space of measurable functions from ^tto( x A) - X^t X^t= x _s=1 ^t X - _X ^t Borel field onX ^t - v Distribution on - v_t Marginal distribution of v on ^t - v(^t)((¦^t)) Conditional distribution on given ^t - v^t(^s)(v_t(¦^s)) Conditional distribution on ^t given ^s (wheres) - _t Periodt distributional strategy - Distributional strategy for all periods =(₁,₂,...,_t,...) - _t Transition process for agents' types - ( _t,^t,y)(P _t+1(, _t , ^t ,y)) Transition function associated with _t - u _t Utility function - V _t (, a, , ^t) Value function for each collection (, a, , ^t ) - W _t (, , ^t ) Value function given optimal action a - C() Consistency correspondence. Distributions consistent with and characteristics transition functions - B() Best response correspondence (which also satisfy consistency) - E Set of equilibrium distributional strategies - x _t=1 ( ^t , (x A)) - S Expanded state space for Markov construction - (, a, ) Value function for Markov construction - P( _t ^* , _t y)(P(, _t ^* , _t , _y )) Invariant characteristics transition function for Markov game We wish to acknowledge very helpful conversations with C. d'Aspremont, B. Lipman, A. McLennan and J-F. Mertens. The financial support of the SSHRCC and the ARC at Queen's University is gratefully acknowledged. This paper was begun while the first author visited CORE. The financial support of CORE and the excellent research environment is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies.     

The damage costs of climate change toward more comprehensive calculations

It is argued that estimating the damage costs of a certain benchmark climate change is not sufficient. What is needed are cost functions and confidence intervals. Although these are contained in the integrated models and their technical manuals, this paper brings them into the open in order to stimulate discussion. After briefly reviewing the benchmark climate change damage costs, region-specific cost functions are presented which distinguish tangible from intangible losses and the losses due to a changing climate from those due to a changed climate. Furthermore, cost functions are assumed to be quadratic, as an approximation of the unknown but presumably convex functions. Results from the damage module of the integrated climate economy modelFUND are presented. Next, uncertainties are incorporated and expected damages are calculated. It is shown that because of convex loss functions and right-skewed uncertainties, the risk premium is substantial, calling for more action than analysis based on best-guess estimates. The final section explores some needs for further scientific research.     

Effects of presubscription and other attributes on long-distance carrier choice

This article describes how Japanese residential customers choose among long-distance carriers. Based upon a 1993 survey, the model indicates that the time required to register customers, whether extra digits are required to use a carrier, and whether a carrier can provide both local and long-distance calls, as well as the carrier's brand identity are significant service attributes that affect competitive outcomes. The effects of these services differences are quantified. Simulations are used to illustrate the competitive impacts of reducing service differences among carriers.     

Medicare risk HMOs: careful consideration can yield rewards

Enlightened employers have discovered that Medicare HMOs, especially risk HMOs, offer employees and retirees a win-win alternative. They lower today's costs, controlling-term increases and offer the broadest, quality coverage. Implementing a "winning" Medicare risk HMO requires careful scrutiny of how the HMO operates and delivers care to the Medicare audience and depends on effective communication that is sensitive to the special needs of retirees.