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International assistance agencies have turned increasingly to integrated rural development policies in an attempt to ameliorate the inequitable distribution of economic growth plaguing Third World nations since World War II. This paper reviews the functionally and spatially integrated investment strategies of the World Bank, USAID and the United Nations, outlines their objectives, perceptions of the problem, basic assumptions and programmes, and evaluates them in terms of potential difficulties for implementation. Those factors crucial to making integrated development policies operational — knowledge of human ecosystems in rural areas, analytical ability, operational procedures, arrangements for local participation, subsistence systems indicators and administrative capacity of local and national governments — are discussed and assessed. 相似文献
95.
David W. Harvey John Grant Rhode Kenneth A. Merchant 《Accounting, Organizations and Society》1979,4(3):187-210
This experiment tests the effects of alternative aggregations of accounting data in a simulated portfolio task. Certain entropy-based aggregation criteria were used to prepare differentially aggregated financial statements for use in the task. Subjects made allocations of initial edowments between hypothetical firms, disclosed confidence in their allocation decisions and reported on specific characteristics of the financial statements. Differences in reported usefulness of statement sets furnished were found to be associated strongly with measured information content. The results also provide limited evidence that decisions and judgments of subjects were affected by the information content of the accounting aggregations provided. 相似文献
96.
Krause KJ 《Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.)》2002,34(1):61-67
Any approach that adds speed and efficiency to the underwriting process provides a competitive edge in today's fast changing financial services industry. The acquisition of data for medical underwriting has always been a challenge; with the traditional attending physician statement process adding time, real costs, and opportunity costs to manufacturing life products. Is there any potential for the use of self-reported medical and health history data in medical underwriting assessment? This article reviews published research on the uses and the validity of self-reported health data as it has been applied in current medical and public health practices. Whether self-reported medical history is valid data that can be applied in the underwriting context remains an open question. 相似文献
97.
Term Structure Dynamics in Theory and Reality 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
This article is a critical survey of models designed for pricingfixed-income securities and their associated term structuresof market yields. Our primary focus is on the interplay betweenthe theoretical specification of dynamic term structure modelsand their empirical fit to historical changes in the shapesof yield curves. We begin by overviewing the dynamic term structuremodels that have been fit to treasury or swap yield curves andin which the risk factors follow diffusions, jump-diffusion,or have "switching regimes." Then the goodness-of-fit of thesemodels is assessed relative to their abilities to (i) matchlinear projections of changes in yields onto the slope of theyield curve; (ii) match the persistence of conditional volatilities,and the shapes of term structures of unconditional volatilities,of yields; and (iii) to reliably price caps, swaptions, andother fixed-income derivatives. For the case of defaultablesecurities we explore the relative fits to historical yieldspreads. 相似文献
98.
Donald W. Jackson Lonnie L. Ostrom Kenneth R. Evans 《Industrial Marketing Management》1982,11(4):269-274
Given the importance of controlling marketing efforts, a study was conducted of industrial manufacturers to determine the extent of their use of various measures to evaluate different marketing activities. The predominate measures used for evaluation were sales volume with much less utilization of profitability, productivity, and expense measures. 相似文献
99.
Kenneth Scott 《实用企业财务杂志》1998,10(4):8-15
In South Korea, as in some other troubled Asian economies, banks and large public corporations have been run more in the interest of the government and the controlling share-holder group than to maximize efficiency and overall shareholder wealth. Any serious attempt to reform the South Korean economy must thus include significant changes in its system of corporate governance. After discussing in general terms how corporate ownership and control can affect economic performance, this article examines the corporate governance institutions that prevail in different countries, with particular attention to the U.S., Japan, and Germany. From such comparative analysis it then develops a set of criteria for appraising the effectiveness of corporate governance systems that are applied to the specific case of South Korea. The article concludes with number of suggestions for reforming the South Korean corporate governance system, including:
- 1 greater legal protection for minority shareholders from transactions involving potential conflicts of interest; and
- 2 strengthening of the incentives of management and large corporate holders, such as house or main banks, to maximize value (as the author notes, “charging management or the board with a legal mandate to ‘balance’ the interests of various constituencies or stakeholders is merely to diminish any legally enforceable responsibility to shareholders”).
100.
Kenneth Rogoff 《Business Economics》2011,46(4):191-194
The overhang of debt (private and surging public) is perhaps the principal reason why recessions following financial crises are so deep and lasting. Frequently, a wave of international financial and banking crises is followed by a wave of sovereign defaults. This is the case of the Eurozone crisis today. How might a sovereign debt default of, say, Greece affect the Eurozone? The nightmare scenario is a complete unraveling of the euro. The euro can still be saved, but perhaps only with the weaker countries undergoing major restructuring of their sovereign debt. 相似文献