全文获取类型
收费全文 | 37082篇 |
免费 | 762篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 7123篇 |
工业经济 | 2666篇 |
计划管理 | 6312篇 |
经济学 | 8576篇 |
综合类 | 416篇 |
运输经济 | 232篇 |
旅游经济 | 555篇 |
贸易经济 | 5945篇 |
农业经济 | 1799篇 |
经济概况 | 4070篇 |
信息产业经济 | 3篇 |
邮电经济 | 148篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 221篇 |
2020年 | 423篇 |
2019年 | 653篇 |
2018年 | 710篇 |
2017年 | 800篇 |
2016年 | 774篇 |
2015年 | 525篇 |
2014年 | 847篇 |
2013年 | 3695篇 |
2012年 | 1127篇 |
2011年 | 1176篇 |
2010年 | 1019篇 |
2009年 | 1175篇 |
2008年 | 1061篇 |
2007年 | 977篇 |
2006年 | 917篇 |
2005年 | 813篇 |
2004年 | 720篇 |
2003年 | 776篇 |
2002年 | 691篇 |
2001年 | 781篇 |
2000年 | 772篇 |
1999年 | 674篇 |
1998年 | 732篇 |
1997年 | 708篇 |
1996年 | 691篇 |
1995年 | 640篇 |
1994年 | 646篇 |
1993年 | 610篇 |
1992年 | 653篇 |
1991年 | 691篇 |
1990年 | 587篇 |
1989年 | 443篇 |
1988年 | 474篇 |
1987年 | 458篇 |
1986年 | 458篇 |
1985年 | 663篇 |
1984年 | 646篇 |
1983年 | 588篇 |
1982年 | 562篇 |
1981年 | 596篇 |
1980年 | 537篇 |
1979年 | 525篇 |
1978年 | 458篇 |
1977年 | 345篇 |
1976年 | 349篇 |
1975年 | 333篇 |
1974年 | 275篇 |
1973年 | 292篇 |
1972年 | 209篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
931.
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2014,24(1):83-106
1871 saw the publication of two major treatises in economics, with self-seeking economic man at their center. In the same year Darwin published The Descent of Man, which emphasized sympathy and cooperation as well as self-interest, and contained a powerful argument that morality has evolved in humans by natural selection. Essentially this stance is supported by modern research. This paper considers the nature of morality and how it has evolved. It reconciles Darwin’s notion that a developed morality requires language and deliberation (and is thus unique to humans), with his other view that moral feelings have a long-evolved and biologically-inherited basis. The social role of morality and its difference with altruism is illustrated by an agent-based simulation. The fact that humans combine both moral and selfish dispositions has major implications for the social sciences and obliges us to abandon the pre-eminent notion of selfish economic man. Economic policy must take account of our moral nature. 相似文献
932.
Adolescent smoking is one of the most pressing public health problems. The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of peer pressure on adolescent cigarette consumption. More concretely, we explore the significance and robustness of the peer effects using several estimation methods employed in the existing literature. On the basis of the data provided by the 2004 Spanish survey on drug use in the school population, we estimate the probability of being a smoker by two-stage models. The results reveal that when we use standard errors used in the literature the class peer variable appears to be significant. However, the class peer variable is not significant when we calculate more exigent standard errors, a result that is robust across all specifications. The paper suggests the need for a more cautious interpretation of the peer effects found previously in the literature until a deeper analysis confirms the robustness of the peer effects. 相似文献
933.
Frans P. de Vries Bouwe R. Dijkstra Matthew McGinty 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2014,58(4):665-682
This paper examines the interdependence between imperfect competition and emissions trading. We particularly analyze the long run equilibrium in a two-sector (‘clean’ and ‘dirty’) model with Cournot competition among firms who face a fixed cost of production. The clean sector is defined as the sector with the highest long run cost margin on emissions. We compare the welfare implications of a cap-and-trade scheme with an emissions trading scheme based on relative intensity standards. It is shown that a firm’s long run equilibrium output in the clean or dirty sector does not depend on the emissions trading format, but only depends on the fixed cost of producing in the respective sector. Intensity standards can result in clean firms selling allowances to dirty firms, or dirty firms selling to clean firms. The former outcome yields higher welfare. It is demonstrated that cap-and-trade outperforms the intensity-based trading scheme in terms of long run welfare with free entry and exit. With intensity standards the size of the clean sector is too large. 相似文献
934.
Much of the lending in modern economies is secured by some form of collateral: residential and commercial mortgages and corporate bonds are familiar examples. This paper builds an extension of general equilibrium theory that incorporates durable goods, collateralized securities, and the possibility of default to argue that the reliance on collateral to secure loans and the particular collateral requirements chosen by the social planner or by the market have a profound impact on prices, allocations, market structure, and the efficiency of market outcomes. These findings provide insights into housing and mortgage markets, including the subprime mortgage market. 相似文献
935.
A generalization is presented of the existence results for an optimal consumption problem of Aumann and Perles [4] and Cox
and Huang [10]. In addition, we present a very general optimality principle.
Received: July 14, 1999; revised version: September 9, 1999 相似文献
936.
Nam Chang Woon Parsche Rüdiger 《MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies》2001,11(2):143-164
The recent process of political and economic transition in eastern European countries has not only contributed to the decentralisation of political structure but also significantly enhanced the fiscal autonomy of municipalities in these countries. In this context many similar types of public activities have recently been assigned to local governments, and some taxes were also declared to be local taxes. To be sure, this type of fiscal decentralisation has caused some additional problems, particularly for safeguarding the quality of publicly provided goods and services and for co-ordinating intergovernmental fiscal transfers between the central and local governments. For instance, some criticise that many small-sized municipalities in the transition economies have suffered from financial bottlenecks and have not been able to receive sufficient financial support from the central government. However, such a fiscal devolution trend appears to continue. This study primarily deals with issues surrounding the impact of national fiscal policy and the regulatory framework on local governments' expenditure behaviour and their ability to mobilise necessary revenues under the particular consideration of the institutional and administrative co-operation with the central government and of the less well-developed financial market in Poland, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic and Hungary. 相似文献
937.
Roland Herrmann Marc Kramb Christina Mönnich 《International Advances in Economic Research》2001,7(1):1-19
Since their implementation at the Uruguay Round, tariff rate quotas (TRQs) have become a widely used instrument of trade policy in agricultural trade. With almost 1,300 TRQs scheduled at the World Trade Organization, this paper will examine their economic effects more closely. First, the theoretical background of TRQs is examined. Then, a short overview of the Uruguay Round and their institutional background is given. We demonstrate that official statistics, which do not count TRQs as nontariff barriers, are at least highly misleading. Very often, their effects are the same as those of regular quotas, including redistributive effects. The prominent example of the European banana regime is used to illustrate all of these points.A first draft of this paper was presented at the International Atlantic Economic Conference, March 14–21, 2000, Munich, Germany. The results are part of the research project "The Influence of the Institutional Design on the Actual Impacts of Agricultural Trade Liberalization after GATT." Financial support by Volkswagen Stiftung is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
938.
The standard account of Austrian Business Cycle theory posits that central bank manipulations of interest rates fool bankers and investors into believing that there has been an increase in the real supply of loanable funds available for capital investment. However, reliance on foolishness ignores the entrepreneurial emphasis within the Austrian tradition and fails to produce the strongest possible case for Austrian Business Cycle theory. We use the prisoner's dilemma framework to model the profit maximizing behavior of bankers and the investors under uncertainty when the market rate of interest is below the underlying rate of time preference. 相似文献
939.
Julian R. Betts Cameron W. Odgers & Michael K. Wilson 《The Canadian journal of economics》2001,34(3):785-806
A link between unionization and research and development rates (research and development expenditures divided by output) is tested for in thirteen aggregate Canadian industries. A balanced panel of thirteen industries covering 1968 to 1986 reveals a negative relationship between industry unionization rates and research and development. The results hold when a number of techniques are used to control for unobserved industry heterogeneity and non-linear responses to unionization. In an industry that moves from the 25th to the 75th percentile of unionization, research and development is predicted to fall by about 40 per cent. JEL Classification: J51
Les effets des syndicats sur l'intensité de la recherche et développement: une analyse empirique sur plusieurs années . Ce mémoire examine le lien entre le degré de syndicalisation et les taux de dépenses en recherche et développement en proportion de la production dans treize industries canadiennes. Pour ces treize secteurs industriels, entre 1968 et 1986, il semble qu'il y ait une relation négative entre les taux de syndicalisation et les taux de dépenses en recherche et développement. Ces résultats sont robustesmême quand on utilise des techniques pour tenir compte de l'hétérogéneité des secteurs et des réponses non linéaires à la syndicalisation. Pour une industrie qui voit son taux de syndicalisation passer du 25e au 75e percentile, on prévoit une chute de 40% dans la recherche et développement. 相似文献
Les effets des syndicats sur l'intensité de la recherche et développement: une analyse empirique sur plusieurs années . Ce mémoire examine le lien entre le degré de syndicalisation et les taux de dépenses en recherche et développement en proportion de la production dans treize industries canadiennes. Pour ces treize secteurs industriels, entre 1968 et 1986, il semble qu'il y ait une relation négative entre les taux de syndicalisation et les taux de dépenses en recherche et développement. Ces résultats sont robustesmême quand on utilise des techniques pour tenir compte de l'hétérogéneité des secteurs et des réponses non linéaires à la syndicalisation. Pour une industrie qui voit son taux de syndicalisation passer du 25e au 75e percentile, on prévoit une chute de 40% dans la recherche et développement. 相似文献
940.