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561.
The Skill Content of Inter- and Intra-Industry Trade: Evidence for the United Kingdom 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we investigate the relative importance of net exchanges of skills embodied in intra-industry and inter-industry
trade for the UK’s trade with some middle income countries. We also separately measure the net exchanges of skills embodied
in vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade (IIT). We find that there are substantial factor exchanges involved in IIT,
implying that traditional factor content studies may have seriously underestimated the actual factor content of total trade
flows. This means that the adjustment effects of IIT may be greater than is often presumed. We also find, in line with theory,
that vertical IIT involves similar net exchanges of labour of different skills to that of inter-industry trade, while horizontal
IIT involves much smaller net exchanges of skills.
JEL no. F11, F14 相似文献
562.
This paper examines the use of an intuitively appealing forecasting model for the food-service industry. After examining the current state of forecasting a brief introduction to the time-series method is undertaken. Finally, the simplest form of the model is applied in a case study. 相似文献
563.
564.
565.
This paper examines the recent saving performance of the Chileaneconomy in the light of its long-run (194096) trends.The first conclusion that can be derived from the data is thatmost of the increase in private saving since the mid-1980s isdue to business saving. Household saving turns out to be a stationaryvariable with zero mean. Since business saving has a unit root,households do not seem to take the saving of firms into accountwhen making their own saving decisions. Within the theoreticalframework of a model of business investment with liquidity constraints,we estimate a VAR for business saving, private investment, publicsaving and foreign saving (the current account deficit). Weare able to determine that business saving is unaffected bypublic saving, but that, in the long run, foreign saving andbusiness saving are perfect substitutes. Private investment,business saving and foreign saving are jointly determined. Thepolicy conclusions are that policies that stimulate investmentare likely to lead to an increase in private saving, that policiesaimed at raising household saving will be ineffective, and thatincreases in public saving are very powerful for increasingdomestic saving in the long run. 相似文献
566.
567.
Manuel -Angel López Sánchez 《Journal of Consumer Policy》1994,17(1):83-99
The paper informs about the state of Spanish law before and after Spain's entry into the European Community. Spanish law already included consumer protection in its constitution as well as an ambitious, yet defective, Act on Consumer Protection (LGDCU). After entry into the EEC, Spain had to adapt Community directives on consumer protection to the Spanish legal order. However, as the author demonstrates in detail, this process has been slow, complicated, and in many areas incomplete or even against Community obligations. The balance sheet of Spanish consumer policy after the completion of the Internal Market may be said to be negative. The principle of subsidiarity may allow for a renewal of consumer policy by strengthening national initiatives.
Die Umsetzung der EG-Richtlinien zur Verbraucherpolitik in Spanien
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag berichtet über den Stand des spanischen Verbraucherschutzrechtes vor und nach Eintritt Spaniens in die Europäische Gemeinschaft. Vor Eintritt hatte Spanien weitgehende Verbraucherschutzvorschriften in seine Verfassung und in das allgemeine Verbraucherschutzgesetz von 1984 aufgenommen, die umfassende Ziele enthielten, welche allerdings rechtstechnisch mangelhaft formuliert waren. Mit dem Eintritt Spaniens in die Gemeinschaft übernahm es die Verpflichtungen aus den relevanten Verbraucherschutzdirektiven. Ihre Umsetzung ging jedoch zögerlich und mit erheblichen zeitlichen Verlusten einher. Einige Richtlinien sind bislang noch nicht fristgerecht umgesetzt worden. Insgesamt zeichnet der Autor ein eher kritisches Bild vom Stand des spanischen Verbraucherschutzrechtes nach Eintritt in die EG. Das Subsidiaritätsprinzip könnte zu einer Wiederbelebung nationaler Initiativen führen.相似文献
568.
How effective is agricultural extension? Is it worth the vastsums governments spend to provide it, mostly as a free service,to farmers worldwide? Relatively few studies exist that measureand compare the benefits of extension activities against theircosts. In the absence of such data, this pilot activity concentratedinstead on demand. Would demand for extension services be highif they were no longer free? The existence of solid demand wouldpresuppose some benefits from the service. Further, might chargingfor the service actually improve its quality and sustainability? The pilot program in Nicaragua described here set out to testwhether a truly demanddriven extension system aimed atfarmers with small-and medium-size holdings could be developed.The principal mechanism was a contribution by the farmer paidas a bonus to the extensionist: the aim was to introduce incentivesfor providers to improve the service through rewards linkedto the quality of their work and to establish direct accountabilityof extensionist to client. The outcomes showed that the cofinancingconcept can be successful. The article describes the design,implementation, and results in the expectation that the lessonslearned may be of interest elsewhere. 相似文献
569.
Manuel Ammann Corinne Häller Rico von Wyss 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2002,16(4):446-466
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
570.
Juan Manuel García Lara† Beatriz García Osma Araceli Mora 《Journal of Business Finance & Accounting》2005,32(3-4):691-726
Abstract: Is earnings management affecting (driving) the measures of earnings conservatism? Ball et al. (2000) point out that the asymmetry in the recognition of good and bad news in earnings (faster recognition of bad news: earnings conservatism) is more pronounced in common‐law than in code‐law based accounting regimes. However, comparative studies on earnings conservatism in Europe have failed to identify significant differences between common‐law and code‐law based countries. We argue that in code‐law based countries managers have incentives to reduce earnings consistently. This enhances the association between earnings and returns in bad news periods. We find that after controlling for discretionary accruals, the differential earnings response to bad news in Germany and France decreases significantly. 相似文献