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141.
Gutierrez-Martinez MI Del Villin RE Fandiño A Oliver RL 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2007,14(2):77-84
Since 2002, the Institute for Peace Promotion and Injury/Violence Prevention (CISALVA) at the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia and the Colombia Program at Georgetown University have developed and implemented 21 epidemiologically based municipal crime observatories in intermediate-sized municipalities in Colombia. These crime observatories serve as monitoring centres that provide low cost, geo-referenced methods of data collection and analysis, which allow cities to develop more responsive policies and prevention programmes and enhance governance. This article focuses on the methodology employed and lessons learned that may be applicable to similar settings. Worth noting within the results was a significant decrease in homicides after the first year of the programme. Whether or not such results could be attributed to the method or to the nature of the interventions and policy initiatives stemming from it remains open to conjecture. 相似文献
142.
ABSTRACT: Sizeable employee share ownership plans (ESOPs) have been a unique feature of Ireland's privatization programme. Since the sale in 1999 of the national telecommunications operator, Eircom, the norm has been to allocate 14.9 per cent of equity to employees. We examine the role of the Eircom ESOP in the post‐privatization governance of the company. We find that the ESOP sought to maximize returns to employees as shareholders rather than behave in the interests of a wider set of stakeholders. This is explained in terms of the internal governance of the ESOP, namely its structure and rules, as well as the composition and motivations of the board of the ESOP Trustee. 相似文献
143.
This paper examines empirically the relationship between electricity spot and futures prices, by analysing a decade of data for a set of short term-to-maturity futures contracts traded in the Nordic Power Exchange. It is found that, on average, there are significant positive risk premiums in short-term electricity futures prices. The significance and size of the premiums, however, varies seasonally over the year; whereas it is greatest during winter, it is zero in summer. It is also found that time-varying risk premiums are significantly related to unexpectedly low reservoir levels. Furthermore, before the unprecedented supply-shock that hit the market around the end of year 2002, the risk premiums were related to the variance and the skewness of future spot prices. 相似文献
144.
Marcia Dutra de Barcellos Athanasios Krystallis Maria Stela de Melo Saab Jens Oliver Kügler Klaus G. Grunert 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2011,35(4):391-402
Consumers worldwide are increasingly concerned with sustainable production and consumption. Recently, a comprehensive study ranked 17 countries in regard to their environmentally friendly behaviour among consumers. Brazil was one of the top countries in the list. Yet, several studies highlight significant differences between consumers' intentions to consume ethically, and their actual purchase behaviour: the so‐called ‘Attitude‐Behaviour Gap’. In developing countries, few studies have been conducted on this issue. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the gap between citizens' sustainability‐related attitudes and food purchasing behaviour using empirical data from Brazil. To this end, Brazilian citizens' attitudes towards pig production systems were mapped through conjoint analysis and their coexistence with relevant pork product‐related purchasing behaviour of consumers was investigated through cluster analysis. The conjoint experiment was carried out with empirical data collected from 475 respondents surveyed in the South and Center‐West regions of Brazil. The results of the conjoint analysis were used for a subsequent cluster analysis in order to identify clusters of Brazilian citizens with diversified attitudes towards pig production systems, using socio‐demographics, attitudes towards sustainability‐related themes that are expected to influence the way they evaluate pig production systems, and consumption frequency of various pork products as clusters' background information. Three clusters were identified as ‘indifferent’, ‘environmental conscious’ and ‘sustainability‐oriented’ citizens. Although attitudes towards environment and nature had indeed an influence on citizens' specific attitudes towards pig farming at the cluster level, the relationship between ‘citizenship’ and consumption behaviour was found to be weak. This finding is similar to previous research conducted with European consumers: what people (in their role of citizens) think about pig production systems does not appear to significantly influence their pork consumption choices. Improvements in the integrated management of this chain would better meet consumers' sustainability‐related expectations towards pig production systems. 相似文献
145.
146.
Isabel Maria Bodas Freitas Tommy H. Clausen Roberto Fontana Bart Verspagen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(1):91-119
Firms increasingly rely upon external actors for their innovation process. Interaction with these actors may occur formally
(i.e. through a collaboration agreement) or informally (i.e. external actors acts as sources of information). We analyze the
reasons why firms consider it to be important to develop formal and informal external linkages in the innovation process by
looking at the role played by firms’ innovative strategies and by taking into account the possibility that a complementarity
or substitutive relationship might exist between formal and informal linkages. Data are from the Third Community Innovation
Survey (CIS 3), where we have access to firm level micro-data from Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and the UK. 相似文献
147.
Abatement and Allocation in the Pilot Phase of the EU ETS 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We use historical industrial emissions data to assess the level of abatement and over-allocation that took place across European
countries during the pilot phase (2005–2007) of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Using a dynamic panel data model,
we estimate the counter factual (business-as-usual) emissions scenario for EU member states. Comparing this baseline to allocated
and verified emissions, we find that both over-allocation and abatement occurred, along with under-allocation and emissions
inflation. Over the three trading years of the pilot phase we find over-allocation of approximately 280 million EUAs and total
abatement of 247 Mt CO2. However, we calculate that emissions inflation of approximately 73 Mt CO2 also occurred, possibly due to uncertainty about future policy design features. 相似文献
148.
Giovanni Facchini Anna Maria Mayda Prachi Mishra 《Journal of International Economics》2011,85(1):114-128
While anecdotal evidence suggests that interest groups play a key role in shaping immigration policy, there is no systematic empirical analysis of this issue. In this paper, we construct an industry-level dataset for the United States, by combining information on the number of temporary work visas with data on lobbying activity associated with immigration. We find robust evidence that both pro- and anti-immigration interest groups play a statistically significant and economically relevant role in shaping migration policy across sectors. Barriers to migration are lower in sectors in which business interest groups incur larger lobbying expenditures and higher in sectors where labor unions are more important. 相似文献
149.
A continuing challenge for researchers and practitioners alike is the lack of data on the effectiveness of corporate–community
investment programmes. The focus of this article is on the minerals industry, where companies currently face the challenge
of matching corporate drivers for strategic partnership with community needs for programmes that contribute to local and regional
sustainability. While many global mining companies advocate a strategic approach to partnerships, there is no evidence currently
available that suggests companies are monitoring these partnerships to see if they do, in fact, represent ‘strategic’ investments.
This article argues that applying the management concept of ‘investment performance’ to corporate–community partnerships requires
questioning traditional evaluation methods that focus on the results of programmes or activities. We adopt a case study approach
to introduce an evaluation framework that considers performance from both corporate and community perspectives and that conceptualises
partnership performance as comprising four aspects: (1) the contribution of the partnership to the overall portfolio of a
company’s community investment programmes, (2) the appropriateness of the partnership model, (3) the effectiveness of the
partnering relationship and (4) the ability of the partners to achieve programme goals. The application of this evaluation
framework to an established corporate–community partnership programme provided some useful insights as to how partnership
performance can be improved. 相似文献
150.
Maria José Gil-Moltó Joanna Poyago-Theotoky Vasileios Zikos 《Southern economic journal》2011,78(1):233-255
We examine the use of subsidies to research and development (R&D) in a mixed and a private duopoly market. We show that the socially optimal R&D subsidy is increasing in the degree of spillovers, but it is lower in the private duopoly. The optimal R&D subsidy leads to an increase in total R&D and production; however, it does not lead to the equalization of per firm output and therefore to an efficient distribution of production costs. We also find that privatization of the public firm reduces R&D activity and welfare in the duopoly market. This result stands even when optimal R&D subsidies are provided. 相似文献