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The European Community is under pressure to reform the CAP, mainly due to internal financial reasons. Proposals have been put forward by the EC Commission that reform the CAP with respect to milk, oils and fats, and corngluten and citrus pellets. The authors look at the impact of these proposals on developing countries. They conclude that the effect will be to increase non-tariff barriers to trade and increase the cost of food production both in and outside the EC. 相似文献
95.
Jörg-Volker Schrader Walter KrÄmer Paulgeorg Juhl Walter A. S. Koch Harmen Lehment Kurt W. Rothschild Peter Nunnenkamp Paulgeorg Juhl H. Peter Gray Enno Langfeldt Ulrich Fehl 《Review of World Economics》1982,118(4):779-803
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
96.
97.
On the pricing of forward starting options in Heston’s model on stochastic volatility 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We consider the problem of pricing European forward starting options in the presence of stochastic volatility. By performing a change of measure using the asset price at the time of strike determination as a numeraire, we derive a closed-form solution within Hestons stochastic volatility framework applying distribution properties of the volatility process. In this paper we develop a new and more suitable formula for pricing forward starting options. This formula allows to cover the smile effects observed in a Black-Scholes environment, in which the extreme exposure of forward starting options to volatility changes is ignored.Received: July 2004, Mathematics Subject Classification (2000):
91B28, 60G44, 60H30, 60E10JEL Classification:
G13It is a pleasure to thank the anonymous referee for his valuable comments and suggestions on this paper. Furthermore, we would like to thank Holger Kraft, University of Kaiserslautern, and Alexander Giese, HypoVereinsbank AG Munich, for fruitful discussions and suggestions. 相似文献
98.
Die Einzahlungen und Bürgschaften im Rahmen des Europ?ischen Stabilisierungsmechanismus (ESM) führen zu einer starken Belastung
der soliden Eurol?nder — ob das Kapital überhaupt ausreicht, ist zudem nicht sicher. Sinnvoller w?re es, nicht die Staatsschulden
in den Fokus zu nehmen, sondern die Banken, die in der Krise hohe Verluste erleiden. Für ein Verfahren zur Bankenrettung gibt
es historische Vorbilder: beispielsweise die Tilgungsfonds nach der deutschen Bankenkrise 1931/1932 und den W?hrungsreformen
1948 und 1990. 相似文献
99.
We argue that self-binding rules in the context of the stabilisation of the eurozone — both monetary and fiscal — are important for a successful long-term European economic policy. The present loss of reputation due to the breaking of fundamental rules such as the no-bailout clause generates high cost, especially with respect to raising money in the financial markets, because no institutional stability and political credibility exist. We propose to install a compliance system similar to what large enterprises have introduced. It would perfectly fit into the system of regulatory principles of the social market economy, but also focus on administrative and implementation issues. 相似文献
100.
Lee-Ann Sutherland Doreen GabrielLaura Hathaway-Jenkins Unai Pascual Ulrich SchmutzDan Rigby Richard GodwinSteven M. Sait Ruben SakrabaniWilliam E. Kunin Tim G. BentonSigrid Stagl 《Land use policy》2012,29(3):502-512
In this paper we present a multi-disciplinary analysis of the potential impacts of undertaking similar environmental actions on multiple farms in a small geographic area, using organic farming as a proxy for a co-ordinated approach. Recent papers have called for more co-ordinated efforts between farmers in terms of their environmental actions, but there has been limited applied research demonstrating the environmental benefits or the economic and social implications to farmers of this approach. Comparative analysis of biodiversity, soil and water, and farm profitability were undertaken in England on 32 matched farms in areas of low and high organic farming concentration; qualitative interviews were also conducted with 48 farmers living in two of the eight areas. Findings demonstrate higher overall levels of biodiversity on organic farms (particularly in “hotspot” areas) but this was not universal across the species groups investigated. Higher water infiltration rates were found in organic grasslands, which could prove to be a useful measure to combat flooding. In terms of the technical efficiency of producing these environmental gains, conventional and organic farms in hotspot areas demonstrated equivalent efficiency from a financial perspective. Socio-cultural research identified the different amounts of trust farmers have in their neighbours, based in part on their performance as ‘good farmers’. We discuss the neighbourhood effect with a multi-disciplinary approach and conclude that encouraging local farmer co-ordination can have clear environmental benefits without high economic cost, but must be undertaken with caution - specifically regarding the trade-offs between benefits, local geophysical and social characteristics, and assumptions made about inter-farmer trust. 相似文献