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31.
Zusammenfassung Multivariante Analyse der Preisaspekte einer Stabilisierung der Warenm?rkte. — Der Aufsatz zeigt, daβ die Entwicklung der einzelnen Preise in einem Bufferstock-System mit mehreren Gütern für den finanziellen Erfolg des Systems sehr bedeutsam ist. W?hrend es leicht ist, Produktgruppen mit maximaler positiver Kovarianz der Preise innerhalb der Gruppe zu finden, sind die M?glichkeiten gering, Gruppen von Gütern mit negativer Kovarianz der Preise zwischen den Gruppen zu bilden. Jedoch erfordert eine umfassende Antwort auf diese Fragen weitere, intensivere Untersuchungen. In diesem Sinne hat einer der Autoren in einer anderen Arbeit betont, daβ dieses Problem am besten im Rahmen von Gütermodellen analysiert werden kann, in denen sich Mengen, Preise und ?hnliche Faktoren simultan gegenseitig beeinflussen. Sicherlich sind in diesem Aufsatz wichtige Ursachen für die Preisschwankungen unberücksichtigt geblieben. Das gleiche gilt für die Untersuchung der Natur zyklischer Preisbewegungen einschlieβlich der Leads and Lags zwischen den betrachteten Variablen. Doch sollten die hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse Anregungen für weitere Untersuchungen geben.
Résumé Une analyse multivariable des aspects de prix de la stabilisation de biens. — Cet article a montré que l’aspect de prix d’un multi-biens schème de ?buffer stock? a une implication remarquable concernant le succès financier du schème. Pendant que chaque schème pourrait incorporer les groupes de biens avec une positive covariance maximale au dedans des groupes, les possibilités de trouver des biens avec une covariance négative au-delà des groupes sont étroites. Cependant toutes les réponses compréhensives à cette question attendent après les résultats des recherches plus intensives. Suivant ces idées un des auteurs a souligné dans une autre étude qu’on peut analyser ce problème au mieux au dedans d’un cadre des modèles de biens où les quantités, les prix et des facteurs qui sont en rapport interagissent simultanement. Certainement nous avons omis ici les facteurs principaux affectuant les fluctuations de prix comme chaque étude sur la nature de la cyclicité des mouvements de prix inclurant les avances et les retardements entre les seriés chronologiques. Cependant les résultats actuels pourraient donner des incitations aux autres études et investigations.

Resumen Análisis multivariable de los aspectos de precios de la estabilizacion de productos. — Este artículo muestra que el aspecto precio de un esquema de stock amortiguador de múltiples productos tiene una implicatión notable para el éxito financiero del esquema. Mientras que cualquier esquema puede contener grupos de productos con una covarianza positiva máxima dentro del grupo, las posibilidades de encontrar productos con covarianza negativa entre grupos es bastante pequena. Pero cualquier respuesta comprensiva a esta pregunta espera los resultados de una investigation más intensiva. A lo largo de estas lineas, uno de los autores ha enfatizado en otro trabajo, que este problema puede ser analizado de la mejor forma dentro del contexto de modelos de productos donde las cantidades, los precios y los factores relacionados interactúan simultàneamente. Ciertamente los factores principales que afectan las fluctuaciones de precios han sido omitidos aquí como también cualquier examen de la naturaleza de la periodicidad de los movimientos de los precios incluyendo ventajas y rezagos entre series. Sin embargo, los resultados presentes deberían proveer incentivos para investigaciones y estudios adicionales.
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Thirteen years ago, the European Directive 91/440 was implemented with the aim of increasing the efficiency of railway organisations throughout Europe. The main requirement of the Directive was to split transport operating from infrastructure management (at least in accounting terms). It also started the process of opening access for new operators; this is steadily being extended. Consequently, the issue of infrastructure charges is becoming more and more important. The paper underlines the fact that despite national differences, there are some signs of ways of convergence of infrastructure charges, due to the fact that the same key issue remains about infrastructure management: how to finance the renewal and development of infrastructure? So, among a wide range of objectives, some of them are becoming more and more crucial leading the principles of infrastructure charging to converge.  相似文献   
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This paper examines the processes by which individuals work their sense of organizational and professional identity in the aftermath of a professional failure. Drawing on twenty-five interviews carried out with former members of Arthur Andersen who mostly worked for the firm in Canada and the United Kingdom, we investigate interviewees’ identity work ensuing from the breakdown of the firm. Specifically, identity work comprises processes by which individuals reflectively seek to maintain or revise their sense of identification with the AA organization and also with the public accounting profession, along with developing self-understandings regarding causes and consequences ensuing from the firm’s collapse. Our analysis indicates that four interpretive schemes or patterns mainly characterize interviewees’ identity work: disillusion; resentfulness; rationalization; and hopefulness. Each of these patterns can be viewed as conveying a distinct representation of what “truly” happened within AA. In this sense, identity work, sense-making and truth contests are inextricably linked altogether. Moreover, the present paper underlines the pertinence of studying entangled processes of identity work and sense-making in order to better understand how broader social forces or discourses (e.g., commercialization and risk) are experienced and translated by the self in the context of identity-threatening events. That is, the identity work/sense-making nexus constitutes a relevant theoretical anchoring to study the circulation of discourses in society.  相似文献   
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A trade restrictiveness index (TRI) aggregates an entire protection structure into a single uniform measure that is consistent with trade theory and reflects the extent of policy interventions on trade or welfare. Although there are several variants of a TRI, all approaches aggregate protective measures using weights that depend on import demand and export supply elasticities; some studies ignore cross-price effects while others account for them. This study measures the degree of bias introduced by ignoring cross effects. It provides a practical approach to account for demand- and supply-side cross-price effects in a multi-commodity TRI setting. This approach is illustrated with a case study of distortions in the Canadian crop and livestock sector. Domestic demand and supply cross effects are approximated using a “constant differences of elasticities of substitution” functional form. On average, over the period 1996–2016, we find that cross-price effects do make a difference, and that including them makes the TRI 27% higher than an approach which ignores them. Furthermore, both TRI approaches produce indices that are higher and more variable than the OECD's percentage Producer Support Estimate (PSE) that measures policy transfers as a share of gross farm receipts. The fundamental differences between a TRI and PSE% is driven by market price support for milk.  相似文献   
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This research explores the relationship between work context and professional ethics. Specifically, we analyze through an online survey of professional accountants the degree to which changing work conditions have altered individual accountants’ commitment to the core professional value of auditor independence. We argue that certain changes in the condition of work have made some categories of accountants more susceptible to the logic of commercialism rather than the logic of professionalism. We find general support for this argument. We observe that accountants working outside of public accounting have a higher commitment to independence than do accountants working in the context of public accounting firms. We further observe that accountants in large international accounting firms (i.e. the “Big Four”) report lower commitment to auditor independence than do others in public accounting. And we observe that older accountants report stronger commitment to auditor independence. One finding, however, contradicts our general thesis. We find that commitment to one’s client does not necessarily result in a loss of commitment to the core professional value of independence. We conclude that changes in the context of work have contributed to the demise of ethics among professional accountants and suggest that further research be done to elaborate the relationship between client commitment and independence commitment.  相似文献   
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We study pricing strategies of competing firms selling heterogeneous products to consumers. Goods are substitutes and there are network externalities between neighboring consumers. In equilibrium, firms price discriminate based on the network positions and charge lower prices to more central consumers. We also show that, under some conditions, firms' equilibrium profits decrease when either the network becomes denser or network effects increase. In contrast, consumers always benefit from being more connected to each other. We determine the optimal network structure and compare uniform pricing and discriminatory pricing from the perspectives of firms and consumers.  相似文献   
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We present a simple model where mergers benefit consumers, harm outsiders and, depending on the shape of demand, can be profitable for insiders (and where mergers do not involve cost synergies).  相似文献   
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This paper provides fieldwork evidence, which solidifies an emerging view in literature, regarding the limitations of the panoptical metaphor in informing meaningfully and productively the analysis of contemporary surveillance and control. Our thesis is that the panopticon metaphor, which conceives of the organization as a bounded enclosure made up of divisible, observable and calculable spaces, is becoming less and less relevant in the age of contemporary surveillance technologies. Through a longitudinal socio-ethnographic study of the ramifications of surveillance ensuing from the implementation of a computerized knowledge management system (KMS) in a Parisian tax/law firm, our analysis points to the proliferation of lateral networks of surveillance having developed in the aftermath of implementation. In this complex and unstable constellation of rhizomatical controls, peers are involved in scrutinizing the validity of one another’s work, irrespective of the office’s hierarchies and official lines of specialization. As a result, games of visibility (exhibitionism), observation (voyeurism) and secrecy (hiding one’s work from the KMS) abound in the office. One of our main conclusions is to emphasize the pertinence of apprehending control and surveillance from angles that take into account the ambiguities, complexities and unpredictability of human institutions, especially in digitalized environments.  相似文献   
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