De scheepvaart

Rotterdam, 7 Maart 1921     

Demographic change and income inequality in the United States, 1976-1989

"The U.S. economy experienced significant increases in the degree of income inequality over the past two decades.... In this paper we consider the effects of race, age, female headship, and college education on the distribution of family income by developing a multivariate methodology that allows us to gauge the influence of one factor while holding other determinants of family incomes constant. Over the period studied we find that race had only a minor effect on the overall size distribution of income. Age had a somewhat greater effect than race. In contrast, the impact of female heads and college education were quite substantial. The multivariate estimates reveal that the effects of female heads and college education both increase the Gini to a much greater extent than the progressivity of federal income taxes decreases it. The effects of college education and female headed families on inequality have grown larger across time, while the influence of age has declined. We find that the effects of race on inequality have changed little over the 1976 to 1989 period."     

How to decrease the national poverty rate and encourage consumer demand in Russia

The main reasons for the high poverty rate and income differentiation among Russia??s population are analyzed, and indispensable governmental measures of income policy are substantiated that will help resolve this problem and encourage domestic consumer demand.     

Assessment of the effect produced by the fuel and energy complex on the environment and health

Power engineering in a country cannot be developed without taking into account both the environmental situation already existing in the region and the new requirements for its quality according to the recommendations of the EU, WHO, and other world organizations. Fuel production and power plants are often situated in communities with a raised level of pollution or even in those which have already been recognized as zones of environmental emergency. The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is one of the basic sources of pollution in the atmosphere. The management decisions on FEC expansion should be accompanied, in a mandatory order, by estimation of the risk to health and by measures for its reduction to a tolerable level. Ecologically unprofessional decisions on construction and/or expansion of FEC facilities may lead to further deterioration of living and health conditions.