Le monde a changé—peut‐on en dire autant des méthodes utilisées dans la mise en œuvre des procédures analytiques?

Les procédures analytiques procurent aux auditeurs un mécanisme d’évaluation de la « vraisemblance » des informations financières, grâce à la comparaison de la performance présentée par l’entité cliente et des attentes découlant de leur connaissance de l’entité cliente, fondée sur l’expérience passée et l’évolution de l’organisation et de son secteur d’activité. Les procédures analytiques diffèrent donc foncièrement des autres procédures d’audit, du fait que la performance de l’entité est envisagée dans une perspective plus large, dans le contexte de son environnement. Cela explique que les procédures analytiques se soient révélées efficientes dans le dépistage des anomalies, et nombreux sont ceux qui affirment que plusieurs des fraudes financières passées auraient été décelées si les auditeurs avaient mis en ?uvre des procédures analytiques efficaces. Compte tenu de l’ampleur et de la portée des progrès réalisés au cours de la dernière décennie, les auteurs se demandent si les procédures analytiques ont changé au fil de ces années et, le cas échéant, comment ces changements se sont manifestés. Ils s’intéressent en particulier à l’incidence de « facilitateurs » et d’« inducteurs » de changement importants, comme les progrès technologiques et l’adoption de la loi Sarbanes‐Oxley. Ils comparent également leurs observations aux résultats d’une étude marquante sur les méthodes utilisées dans la mise en ?uvre des procédures analytiques, réalisée par Hirst et Koonce (1996) il y a plus de 10 ans. Les auteurs interrogent en entrevue 36 auditeurs (11 chargés de missions, 13 chefs de groupe et 12 associés) provenant tous des Quatre Grands cabinets d’expertise comptable, à l’aide d’un questionnaire structuré. Les données recueillies révèlent certaines similitudes dans les observations lorsqu’elles sont comparées aux résultats des études antérieures (par exemple, les auditeurs continuent d’utiliser des procédures analytiques relativement simples). Toutefois, les auteurs relèvent bon nombre de différences sensibles attestant de l’évolution des méthodes utilisées dans la mise en ?uvre des procédures analytiques. Ainsi, par suite des progrès de la technologie, les auditeurs s’appuient maintenant plus largement qu’ils ne le faisaient auparavant sur les données sectorielles et les données des analystes. En outre, les auditeurs disent élaborer des prévisions quantitatives plus précises et utiliser davantage d’informations non financières. Ils semblent également confier plus fréquemment la mise en ?uvre des procédures analytiques au personnel d’audit d’échelon inférieur, prennent une quantité plus grande d’informations auprès du personnel non comptable et sont disposés à réduire davantage les tests de corroboration, compte tenu des procédures analytiques mises en ?uvre à la phase de planification. Enfin, la loi Sarbanes‐Oxley a favorisé l’augmentation de la prise en compte et de la connaissance des contrôles internes, facteur que l’on estime avoir joué le rôle le plus important dans la recrudescence de l’utilisation des procédures analytiques et le renforcement de la confiance accordée à ce type de procédures.     

The World Has Changed—Have Analytical Procedure Practices?

Analytical Procedures (APs) provide a means for auditors to evaluate the “reasonableness” of financial disclosures by comparing a client’s reported performance to expectations gained through knowledge of the client based on past experience and developments within the company and its industry. Thus, APs are fundamentally different than other audit tests in taking a broader perspective of an entity’s performance vis‐à‐vis its environment. As such, APs have been found to be a cost‐effective means to detect misstatements, and many have argued that a number of prior financial frauds would have been detected had auditors employed effective APs. With several dramatic and far‐reaching developments over the past decade, the current study examines whether and how APs have changed during this period. In particular, we focus on the impact of significant “enablers” and “drivers” of change such as technological advancements and the enactment of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act. We also compare our findings to an influential study of the practices of APs by Hirst and Koonce (1996) that was conducted over 10 years ago. We interview 36 auditors (11 seniors, 13 managers, and 12 partners) from all of the Big 4 firms using a structured questionnaire. The data reveal some similarities in findings when compared to prior research (e.g., auditors continue to use fairly simple analytical procedures). However, there are a number of significant differences reflecting changes in AP practices. For instance, as a result of technology auditors now rely more extensively on industry and analyst data than previously. Further, auditors report that they develop more precise quantitative expectations and use more non‐financial information. They also appear to rely more on lower level audit staff to perform APs, conduct greater inquiry of non‐accounting personnel, and are willing to reduce substantive testing to a greater extent as a result of APs conducted in the planning phase. Finally, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act has had an impact in greater consideration and knowledge of internal controls, which is seen as the most important factor driving the use and reliance on APs.     

Agriculture and 'Improvement' in Early Colonial India: A Pre-History of Development

The doctrine of 'improvement' has often been identified with the introduction – and presumed failure – of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793. Although recognized as central to British agrarian policies in India, its wider impact and significance have been insufficiently explored. Aesthetic taste, moral judgement and botanical enthusiasm combined with more strictly economic criteria to give an authority to the idea of improvement that endured into the middle decades of the nineteenth century. Concern for improvement also reflected dissatisfaction with India's apparent poverty and deficient material environment; it helped stimulate data-collection and ambitious schemes of agrarian transformation. A precursor of later concepts of development, not least in its negative presumptions about India and the search for external agencies of change, improvement yet shows many of the false starts and intrinsic limitations early attempts to transform rural India entailed. This article reassesses the significance of improvement in the first half of the nineteenth century in India, especially as illustrated through contemporary travel literature and through the aims and activities of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India.     

富有成效的领导者所必需的5种特性

到底是什么让领导者真正富有成效?这个问题都快被写烂了。绝大多数情况下,这个问题都会与最近的时尚联系起来。     

Balance Sheet Effects, Bailout Guarantees and Financial Crises

This paper provides a model of boom-bust episodes in middle-income countries. It is based on sectoral differences in corporate finance: the nontradables sector is special in that it faces a contract enforceability problem and enjoys bailout guarantees. As a result, currency mismatch and borrowing constraints arise endogenously in that sector. This sectoral asymmetry allows the model to replicate the main features of observed boom–bust episodes. In particular, episodes begin with a lending boom and a real appreciation, peak in a self-fulfilling crisis during which a real depreciation coincides with widespread bankruptcies, and end in a recession and credit crunch. The nontradables sector accounts for most of the volatility in output and credit.     

CAN A RULE‐BASED MONETARY POLICY FRAMEWORK WORK IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY? THE CASE OF YEMEN

Monetary policy in Yemen is largely rudimentary and ad hoc in nature. The Central Bank of Yemen's (CBY) approach has been based on discretionary targeting of broad money without any clear target to anchor inflation expectations. This paper argues in favor of a new formal monetary policy framework for Yemen emphasizing a proactive and rule‐based approach with a greater direct focus on price stability in the context of a flexible management of the exchange rate. Although, as in many developing countries, institutional capacity is a concern, adopting a more formal framework could impel the kind of changes that are required to strengthen the ability of the CBY in achieving low and stable rates of inflation over the medium term.     

Money Laundering as a Crime in the Financial Sector: A New Approach to Quantitative Assessment,with an Application to Italy

This study provides an answer to the question of how much cash deposited via a financial institution can be traced back to criminal activities, by developing a new approach to measure money laundering and proposing an application to Italy. We define a model of cash in‐flows on current accounts considering, besides “dirty money” to be laundered, also the legal motivations to deposit cash and the role of the shadow economy. We find that the average amount of cash laundered in Italy is around 6% of GDP. These findings are coherent with estimates of the nonobserved economy obtained in previous studies.