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391.
Corporate tax policy and incorporation in the EU 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In Europe, declining corporate tax rates have come along with rising tax-to-GDP ratios. This paper explores to what extent
income shifting from the personal to the corporate tax base can explain these diverging developments. We exploit a panel of
European data on legal form of business to analyze income shifting via incorporation. The results suggest that the effect
is significant and large. It implies that the revenue effects of lower corporate tax rates—possibly induced by tax competition—will
partly show up in lower personal tax revenues rather than lower corporate tax revenues. Simulations suggest that between 12%
and 21% of corporate tax revenue can be attributed to income shifting. Income shifting is found to have raised the corporate
tax-to-GDP ratio by some 0.25% points since the early 1990s.
This research was carried out while Ruud de Mooij was a visiting fellow at DG ECFIN in October 2006. The views expressed in
this Article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Commission. 相似文献
392.
The conversion factor system (CFS) is used in the determination of the invoice price of the Chicago Board of Trade Treasury-bond futures. As an alternative to the CFS, Oviedo [Oviedo, R.A., 2006. Improving the design of Treasury-Bond futures contracts. The Journal of Business 79, 1293–1315] proposed the True Notional Bond System (TNBS), and showed that it outperforms the CFS when interest rates are deterministic. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of the two systems in a stochastic environment. In order to do so, we price the CBOT T-bond futures as well as all its embedded delivery options under both the CFS and the TNBS. Our pricing procedure is an adaptation of the Dynamic Programming algorithm described in Ben-Abdallah et al. [Ben-Abdallah, R., Ben-Ameur, H., Breton, M., 2007. Pricing CBOT Treasury Bond futures. Les Cahiers du GERAD G-2006-77]. Numerical illustrations show that, in a stochastic framework, TNBS does not always outperform the CFS. However, as the long-term mean moves away from the level of the notional rate, the TNBS performs increasingly better than the CFS. 相似文献
393.
394.
The current biodiversity loss is dramatic. Over the past 50 years, more than 68% of the mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish on Earth have disappeared, putting the planet's survival and its inhabitants—including human beings—at risk. Financialization, or the transformation of nature into financial assets, is increasingly proposed as a solution to the biodiversity crisis. Proponents of financialization believe that assigning a monetary value to nature will incentivize human beings to protect habitats and their species. This article offers a four-mechanism model of nature's financialization, explaining why it is virtually impossible to financialize nature. We collected data through a unique two-stage data collection process, including a single case study and additional interviews with conservationists and conservation finance specialists. We analyzed the development of a calculative device, the “Index,” designed to assess the impact of conservation efforts on the survival of endangered species. Conservationists hoped to use the Index to calculate the financial return of a conservation impact bond, a financial instrument designed to finance conservation projects. However, they did not achieve their goal. We discuss the implications for the financialization and conservation literature and the role of accounting therein. We notably question previous accounts of financialization, including the need for financial numbers or financial actors. We ultimately show that a financialization project can transform practices toward financialization, even if the financialization process is not complete. 相似文献
395.
Solène Prince 《旅游与文化变迁杂志》2017,15(4):339-358
To contribute new insight related to the entrepreneurial strategies adopted by local actors involved in rural tourism, this article explores the array of dynamics and complexities faced by the members of the Arts and Crafts Association Bornholm, Denmark. Besides juggling a livelihood with a desired lifestyle, artists pursue the ambition of professional success, which adds a new and interesting dimension to the conceptualization of individual and collective strategies related to lifestyle entrepreneurship, rural identities, the commercialization of rural symbols and products, and new modes of production in the countryside. In their search for customers and spectators, these craft-artists have created a professional brand and work individually on various entrepreneurial strategies, allowing them to benefit from the short but intensive tourist season on their rural island. These strategies blur the line not only between their lifestyle aspirations, career ambitions and livelihood necessities, but also between the commercial, professional and rural nature of the space they present to tourists. This qualitative study was primarily conducted through open-ended interviews with members of the association. It is discussed lastly that these artists consequently create for themselves a hybrid space, strategized and redefined in relation to the complexities of residing in a countryside integrated within a global system. 相似文献
396.
David le Blanc Christine Lagarenne 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2004,29(3):259-275
This paper investigates the impact of housing demand on the composition of the optimal portfolios of homeowners in France, following the methodology developed by Flavin and Yamashita (NBER Working Paper 6389, 2002). We use historical data on housing prices and financial assets returns to estimate the mean return and covariance matrix of a set of assets including housing. We then calculate mean-variance efficient frontiers associated to various levels of the housing-to-net wealth ratio, corresponding to the average ratios observed for different age groups in the 1998 French Wealth Survey sample. Our numerical results fit the average portfolios in different age brackets quite well. Also, returns of housing and its covariance with the other assets indicate there is room in France for housing price derivatives. 相似文献
397.
Mathieu Boudreault Hélène Cossette David Landriault Etienne Marceau 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(5):265-285
We consider an extension to the classical compound Poisson risk model for which the increments of the aggregate claim amount process are independent. In Albrecher and Teugels (2006), an arbitrary dependence structure among the interclaim time and the subsequent claim size expressed through a copula is considered and they derived asymptotic results for both the finite and infinite-time ruin probabilities. In this paper, we consider a particular dependence structure among the interclaim time and the subsequent claim size and we derive the defective renewal equation satisfied by the expected discounted penalty function. Based on the compound geometric tail representation of the Laplace transform of the time to ruin, we also obtain an explicit expression for this Laplace transform for a large class of claim size distributions. The ruin probability being a special case of the Laplace transform of the time to ruin, explicit expressions are therefore obtained for this particular ruin related quantity. Finally, we measure the impact of the various dependence structures in the risk model on the ruin probability via the comparison of their Lundberg coefficients. 相似文献
398.
399.
400.
Do Promotions Increase Store Expenditures? A Descriptive Study of Household Shopping Behavior 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Drèze Xavier Nisol Patricia Vilcassim Naufel J. 《Quantitative Marketing and Economics》2004,2(1):59-92
An important question for retailers is whether promotions induce households to increase their in-store expenditures or merely reallocate a predetermined shopping budget. Should expenditures be fixed, retailers might decrease their profitability when running promotions by displacing expenditures from high margin to lower margin products. Using household level store receipts and an extended AIDS model, we provide evidence that while household expenditures do increase with promotions, there is also a significant reallocation of expenditures among the different categories. This implies that retailers have to choose carefully which products are promoted, if promotions are to increase profits. 相似文献