Pharmacy layout: What are consumers' perceptions?

The physical layout of a retail pharmacy can play a significant role in the development of the customers' perceptions which can have a positive (or negative) impact on its sales potential. Compared to most general merchandise stores, pharmacies are more concerned about safety and security issues due to the nature of their products. This paper will discuss these aspects as well as the physical and professional environments of retail pharmacies that influence the perceptions of customers and how these vary whether chain, independent, or hospital pharmacies.     

Smallholder market participation: Concepts and evidence from eastern and southern Africa

This paper reviews the evidence on smallholder market participation, with a focus on staple foodgrains (i.e., cereals) in eastern and southern Africa, in an effort to help better identify what interventions are most likely to break smallholders out of the semi-subsistence poverty trap that appears to ensnare much of rural Africa. The conceptual and empirical evidence suggests that interventions aimed at facilitating smallholder organization, at reducing the costs of intermarket commerce, and, perhaps especially, at improving poorer households’ access to improved technologies and productive assets are central to stimulating smallholder market participation and escape from semi-subsistence poverty traps. Macroeconomic and trade policy tools appear less useful in inducing market participation by poor smallholders in the region.     

Do Tax‐Deferred Exchanges Impact Purchase Price? Evidence from the Phoenix Apartment Market

Many authors have commented on the compliance risk associated with tax-deferred exchanges. However, no published studies explicitly address whether the risks associated with the exchange process impact the price at which exchanged assets trade. Using a unique data set that documents transactions for nondirect exchanges, this study examines the price impact of tax-deferred exchanges on apartment transactions in the Phoenix, Arizona, market. Consistent with the price pressure hypothesis originally developed by Scholes (1972) and Kraus and Stoll (1972) and the tax capitalization hypothesis proposed by Oates (1969), the data show that exchange participants pay an economically significant premium to acquire replacement assets. A conventional hedonic price index is generated to investigate the rational bounds of the exchange premium.     

Commentary: Where You Sit Is What You See: The Seven Deadly Sins of Performance Auditing. Implications for Monitoring Public Audit Institutions

It has to be observed at the outset that performance auditing has been a contentious issue for much of the three decades it has been pursued in Australia. That said, there is clear evidence of its growth and acceptance in that period. Nevertheless, there are still apparent differences in views and perceptions across the main stakeholders, not least related to the performance and results achieved by the Audit Offices involved. In these respects, Stuart Kells highlights deficiencies that need to be addressed to instill greater confidence in such auditing. In my view, many of these deficiencies (Sins) have been addressed, particularly in the last decade or so, and we may be better employed in focusing more on the achievement of identifiable outcomes as a result of such auditing. Do performance audits actually make a ‘difference’? Such a focus does not ignore questions about how performance audits are selected, conducted and reported, nor their quality and relevance. Rather, a major challenge is to put in place a robust review framework that would markedly add to accountability for implementation of agreed audit outcomes.     

Livestock Pricing in the Northern Kenyan Rangelands

This paper uses detailed, transactions-level data and an innovative,structural-heteroskedasticity-in-mean estimation method to identifythe determinants of livestock producer prices for pastoralistsin the drylands of northern Kenya. The empirical results confirmthe importance of animal characteristics, periodic events thatpredictably shift local demand or supply and, especially, rainfallon the prices pastoralists receive for animals. Price risk premiaare consistently negative in these livestock markets. The impositionof quarantines has a sharp negative effect on expected producerprices in the pastoral areas, revealing that Kenya's approachto animal disease control favours wealthier highlands ranchersand consumers at the expense of poorer drylands herders.     

REGULATORY CAPTURE, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND TAXI DEREGULATION: A CASE STUDY

The deregulation of the taxi sector in Ireland by the High Court in 2000 brought a three-fold increase in taxi numbers and much reduced passenger waiting times for taxis. The deregulation decision by the High Court was based on the rights of persons to enter a sector for which they had the training and skills and the right of the public to purchase the services of such persons. The decision was upheld in judicial review. The case study indicates the superiority of deregulation over proposals for more gradual liberalization.     

A STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION APPROACH TO COMPARING MRIO DATABASES

The construction of multi-regional input–output tables is complex, and databases produced using different approaches lead to different analytical outcomes. We outline a decomposition methodology for investigating the variations that exist when using different multiregional input–output (MRIO) systems to calculate a region's consumption-based account. Structural decomposition analysis attributes the change in emissions to a set of dependent determinants, such as technical coefficients, the Leontief inverse and final demands. We apply our methodology to three MRIO databases – Eora, GTAP and WIOD. Findings reveal that the variation between Eora and GTAP can be attributed to differences in the Leontief inverse and emissions’ data, whereas the variation between Eora and WIOD is due to differences in final demand and the Leontief inverse. For the majority of regions, GTAP and WIOD produce similar results. The approach in this study could help move MRIO databases from the academic arena to a useful policy instrument.