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61.
Denis Schweizer Lars Helge Haß Lutz Johanning Bernd Rudolph 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2013,47(1):65-82
Besides the more commonly used REITs, German investors can also invest in a lesser-known real estate vehicle, Open-ended Property Funds. OPFs are considered a compromise between listed and direct real estate investments. OPF fund managers generally provide daily (perfect) liquidity. However, if liquidity falls below 5%, share redemptions in these funds can be temporarily suspended for a period of up to two years. During this time, investors will only be able to sell shares on the secondary market (exchange), and are thus subject to significant liquidity risk. The objective of this paper is to analyze whether OPFs add value to investor portfolios above that provided by REITs. We show that OPFs have a diversification advantage over REITs in low-risk portfolios, despite their larger potential liquidity risk. REIT liquidity is comparable to that of ordinary common stock, but OPFs exhibit an average initial discount to funds’ NAV of about 6% when share redemptions are temporarily suspended. However, in the long-run, this potential redemption suspension does not negatively influence OPF performance (in case OPFs reopen again). This makes OPFs an attractive investment alternative to REITs for investors who have a high level of risk aversion and a long-term investment horizon, such as endowments, insurance companies, and pension funds. 相似文献
62.
Jacopo Zotti Bernd Lucke 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2013,22(3):402-423
Standard trade theory claims that free trade is welfare-enhancing. We show that this is not the case if at least one sector of the economy is a Cournot oligopoly. In a simple small open economy with one oligopolistic and one competitive sector, welfare is an inverted U-shaped function of tariffs. Hence, an optimal tariff rate can be determined. The optimal rate depends on the number of firms in the oligopolistic sector. Below the optimal level, the competitive sector overproduces, i.e. oligopolistic good have a higher marginal effect on welfare. Increasing tariff rates stimulate the production of the oligopolistic sector by dampening imports. Under balanced trade, this reduces exports and production in the competitive sector, thus shifting resources to oligopolistic goods production. We also find that given certain levels of protection, perfect competition is not welfare maximal and, hence, not desirable. The finding explains why developing economies with imperfect competition are often reluctant to embrace trade liberalization and why, conversely, countries with high levels of external protection may be unenthusiastic about competition theory. 相似文献
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This paper considers a government that chooses its tax and borrowing policy in order to minimize the present value of the excess burden caused by taxation. In doing so, the government uses hyperbolic discounting. It turns out that public deficits are positive even if public expenditures are constant over time. With cyclical expenditures, the government chooses an asymmetric debt policy, i.e., in bad times it borrows more than it repays in good times. In contrast to tax smoothing and political economy theories of public debt, the welfare effects of a balanced budget rule are ambiguous. 相似文献
66.
Work on the impact of U.S. monetary policy on emerging financial markets mostly focuses on official target rate announcements; empirical evidence using data on informal communication channels, such as speeches, is scant. Employing a unique data set covering formal and informal communication channels in a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model framework, we provide comprehensive evidence on the effects of U.S. monetary policy on 17 emerging equity market returns over the period 1998–2009. We find, first, that both monetary policy actions and communications have a significant impact on market returns. Second, target rate change surprises are an important driver of emerging market returns. However, informal communications—particularly when taking into account their higher frequency—have a larger (cumulative) influence on returns than do target rate surprises. Third, during the recent financial crisis, central bank communication played an even more pronounced role. Finally, American emerging markets react more to communications than do non‐American markets. 相似文献
67.
Christine Rupp Sarah Kern Bernd Helmig 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2014,19(2):76-91
- When establishing relationships with stakeholders, nonprofit organizations must define appropriate target groups to allocate resources purposively. This paper explicates that link by reviewing the literature on nonprofit stakeholder segmentation and by discussing whether stakeholder segmentation is perceived as a prerequisite of successful relationship marketing by nonprofit researchers.
- We develop two conceptual dimensions of nonprofit stakeholder segmentation: the stakeholders segmented and the segmentation criteria used. A systematic database and journal search yielded 53 papers, categorized according to these two dimensions. The studies are described briefly, and the relevance of the relationship marketing concept is examined and discussed. Several research gaps emerge from this review, leading to propositions for further research.
68.
There is no doubt about the relevance of complaint management for customer retention. But complaint management-objectives
can only be achieved if complaints registered by the firm give a comprehensive view of the annoyances perceived by customers.
In fact, a considerable share of annoyed customers do not complain and many complaint articulations are not registered. Because
of these “unvoiced” and “hidden” complaints, registered complaints show only the tip of the “annoyance iceberg” leading to
misinterpretations and wrong allocation decisions. As a countermeasure, the concept of evidence-controlling is developed in
this paper. Relevant key figures are identified, effective information gathering is demonstrated and managerial implications
and open research questions are discussed. 相似文献
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70.
Die ermittlung der anschaffungs- und herstellungskosten und niedrigerer werte nach ias und U.S. GAAP
Die Ermittlung der Anschaffungskosten nach IAS/U.S. GAAP erfolgt analog der Ermittlung nach HGB. In den Herstellungskosten
nach IAS k?nnen unter Umst?nden Entwicklungskosten enthalten sein. Die Aktivierung von allgemeinen Verwaltungs- und Vertriebsgemeinkosten
ist nicht zul?ssig. Das Niederstwertprinzip nach IAS/U.S. GAAP orientiert sich st?rker am Absatzmarkt (net realizable value).
G?ngige Verbrauchsfolgeverfahren (FIFO, LIFO etc.) sind auch nach IAS/U.S. GAAP zul?ssig. 相似文献