The crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on household consumption from the perspective of population aging: Evidence from China

The pace of aging in China is accelerating, from the introduction of family planning to the liberalization of the two-child policy, with a growing proportion of families in the 4–2-1 structure. With filial piety in mind, most adult children will live with their elderly parents and share income and expenditure. Concurrently, due to the inadequacy of the social security system, a heavy supplementary burden of supporting the elderly has been placed on adult children. Based on data from the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Chinese Social Survey (CSS) of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), this study analyzes the objective factors affecting household elderly support expenditure using the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation method. It also examines the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on the consumption of different types of households through a panel generalized method of moments (GMM) approach. Finally, the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure is discussed in a sub-sample according to the number of households needing to support the elderly aged 60 and above. The empirical results illustrate that there is a crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on household consumption, and the magnitude of the crowding-out effect varies for diverse consumption. Our study reveals that the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on core consumption is the largest in a sample with different numbers of elderly persons in families. The empirical results for the sub-sample show that the larger the elderly population, the stronger the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on core consumption and the less pronounced the effect on marginal consumption.     

化学二氧化锰的研究进展

综述了化学二氧化锰的制备方法及国内外研究现状。介绍了几种常用的制备方法,碳酸锰热分解法、硝酸锰热分解法、氢氧化锰氧化法、硫酸锰氧化法和高锰酸盐还原法,并分析了这些制备方法的利弊。目前化学二氧化锰的主要工业生产方法是碳酸锰热分解法和硝酸锰热分解法。     

A study of trust over time within a social network mediated environment

Abstract

Trust is central to many marketing models; however, few studies have measured its components over time. Many longitudinal studies have relied on retrospective recall. This study builds a theory of trust development and undermining over time within the context of social-network media.An inductive study phase used phenomenological webnography to build a theory of trust development. 352 peer-review comments were analysed over six years. Outcomes of this phase informed subsequent deductive tests.Four dimensions of trust emerged – ability, benevolence, integrity and predictability – with different salience over time. Ability, a cognitive-based dimension, was important in initial trust-building. Integrity and predictability, linked to the brain’s emotion area, became important later. Undermining of trust was a shorter process than its development.     

供应链管理影响因素及评价指标分析

本文认为,供应链凝聚、信息获取能力、区位优势以及信息共享是影响供应链管理成功的四个主要因素,对这四个变量难以直接进行测量。供应链管理成功影响因素测评指标体系是一个多指标的结构,运用层次化结构设定测评指标,从而清晰地表述供应链管理成功影响因素测评指标体系的内涵。供应链管理成功影响因素是总的测评目标,为一级指标,即第一层次;供应链管理成功影响因素中的供应链凝聚、区位优势、信息获取能力、信息共享等四大要素为二级指标,即第二层次;根据各要素的含义和内容,将四大要素(二级指标)展开为具体的三级指标,即第三层次。     

色季拉山国家森林公园生态旅游环境容量评价

本研究根据旅游环境容量分为旅游空间环境容量、旅游生态环境容量、旅游设施环境容量和旅游社会环境容量四个分量指标,对旅游环境容量的评价体系进行了总结和完善。按这些指标对色季拉山国家级森林公园的旅游环境容量进行了评价,得出该森林公园的旅游资源没有得到充分地利用,其空间环境容量是发展中的主要限制因子,游客量随季节分布明显且存在较大差异,并针对存在的问题提出了一些开发建议和调控措施。     

既有结构可靠度的模糊算法

基于结构抗力和荷载效应的不确定性，提出了一种既有结构工程可靠度的模糊算法。该方法利用模糊算法可以反映客观事物因素的层次性，又便于比较和考虑各层次中诸因素作用的大小以决定可靠度。算例结果表明该方法简单实用，其模型可以很好地拟合真实的极限状态函数，是解决既有结构体系可靠度问题的有效方法。     

宠物生理实验教学中增强学生实践能力和创新意识探讨

宠物生理实验教学是培养宠物专业学生实践动手能力和创新意识的重要教学环节。针对目前高职毕业生动手能力和创新意识很难满足社会需求的问题,本文就如何增加高职院校宠物专业生理学的实验教学,全面提高学生动手能力和创新意识进行了探讨,为高职院校宠物专业教学的进一步完善提供了一定的指导作用,并使其毕业后更能满足社会的需求。     

央递服务网络结构演变趋势分析——以长三角为例

针对快递服务网络规划问题中的两类网络物理结构形态的优劣评估问题,在动态环境下分析了网络结构变化的影响因素及其演变趋势,发现网络节点城市之间业务量的大小对于基于集中规模经济效应的轴辐式网络的成本节约优势是否成立有主要影响。这说明纯轴辐式与全连通这两个网络结构并不存在必然的优劣之分,各自的成本节约优势取决于所有城市之间业务量等参数的变化。最后结合国内有关标杆企业的数据,对长三角区域的快递服务网络结构演变趋势进行了实例分析,结果验证了所得出的结论。     

基于分形理论谈安徽沿江环湖城市群的建立

简要介绍了分形理论的原理,运用分形理论,借助于罗特卡公式分析安徽省城市体系规模分布的分形特征,发现安徽省城市体系规模分布符合位序—规模率,存在城市体系规模分布过于均衡及首位城市、大城市规模过小的问题。提出建立安徽省沿江环湖城市群规模体系的发展对策。