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排序方式： 共有245条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
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Ernst Niemeier 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2013,93(10):710-715
The common German practice of financing the renovation of municipal streets via contributions from home owners is based on the assumption of special advantages for the home owners. But there are no such special advantages. These assumed advantages are wrongly constructed by the courts, and thus this form of financing is totally arbitrary. Generally, the charging of contributions and fees — based on the principle of equivalence — is not applicable for the financing of street renovations. Municipal streets are “public goods”. Renovating them must be financed by taxes. 相似文献
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Ernst Helmstdter 《Kyklos》1969,22(3):506-518
In Patinkinia the money market is characterized by a shifting of the stock of money as a commodity market is by the shifting of the stock of commodities. By Patinkin's law it is clarified that in an exchange economy with one general indefinitely durable good (money), absolute prices can be logically determined in two ways: 1. by the quantity equation, if there is no shifting of the stock of money and 2. by direct determination, if there is a shifting of the stock of money. As expected Patinkin's law does not state anything new. It only tries to get straight the former confused application of the laws of Walras and Say by simultaneous implementation of the laws of supply and demand at the markets of Patinkinia. 相似文献
55.
Conclusion The relationship between uncertainty and the optimal savings-consumption decision has been discussed. A simple model has been used to show that the existence of default risk has potentially important effects on the nature of this relationship and should not be neglected in its analysis. 相似文献
56.
Johannes Bauer Ernest Braun Bernd Hartmann Michael Latzer Peter Pointner Peter-Paul Sint Ernst Bonek 《Telecommunications Policy》1987,11(4):334-346
Public fears have grown up surrounding the uncertain potential benefit or harm of recent rapid technological advances in Austrian telecommunications. A technology assessment was called for, to proffer comprehensive and balanced information on the current state of, and future developments in, Austrian telecommunications. This paper explains the organization of the Austrian PTT, discusses successful new services, considers their relationship to the law and the economy, and analyses their social impact. 相似文献
57.
Francisco Richter Bart Haegeman Rampal S. Etienne Ernst C. Wit 《Statistica Neerlandica》2020,74(3):261-274
Phylogenetic trees are types of networks that describe the temporal relationship between individuals, species, or other units that are subject to evolutionary diversification. Many phylogenetic trees are constructed from molecular data that is often only available for extant species, and hence they lack all or some of the branches that did not make it into the present. This feature makes inference on the diversification process challenging. For relatively simple diversification models, analytical or numerical methods to compute the likelihood exist, but these do not work for more realistic models in which the likelihood depends on properties of the missing lineages. In this article, we study a general class of species diversification models, and we provide an expectation-maximization framework in combination with a uniform sampling scheme to perform maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of the diversification process. 相似文献
58.
Dynamic processes are crucial in many empirical fields, such as in oceanography, climate science, and engineering. Processes that evolve through time are often well described by systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Fitting ODEs to data has long been a bottleneck because the analytical solution of general systems of ODEs is often not explicitly available. We focus on a class of inference techniques that uses smoothing to avoid direct integration. In particular, we develop a Bayesian smooth-and-match strategy that approximates the ODE solution while performing Bayesian inference on the model parameters. We incorporate in the strategy two main sources of uncertainty: the noise level of the measured observations and the model approximation error. We assess the performance of the proposed approach in an extensive simulation study and on a canonical data set of neuronal electrical activity. 相似文献
59.
Torsten Tewes Seev Hirsch Jürgen Stehn Torsten Tewes Herbert G. Grubel Rolf J. Langhammer Ernst Mohr Richard Pomfret Hartmut Picht 《Review of World Economics》1990,126(4):799-815
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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