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51.
Globalisation has narrowed the gap between producers and consumers of goods and services. The linkages between international trade and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have started to be recognised, yet the extent of outsourcing of emissions across nations is unknown. Filling this gap in knowledge is critical for designing effective policy mechanisms for assigning responsibility for reductions in emissions. Here we present a structural decomposition analysis of global trends in outsourcing of emissions from 1990 to 2010 for 186 individual countries. To this end, we disaggregate total CO2 emissions for each country into contributions from the domestic economy and international trade. This allows us to unveil outsourcing trends for all nations confirming a world-wide shifting of emissions-intensive production across borders. We categorise nations into “outsourcers” – countries that outsource carbon-intensive production to so-called contractor nations. Our detailed assessment of the commodity content of global outsourcing flows reveals interesting insights about the trade of carbon-intensive commodities. 相似文献
52.
This article uses the data from 69 villages in Bangladesh to estimate the effect of participation in microcredit programmes on household expenditures. A regression discontinuity design (RDD) is used to identify the credit effect. Our results show heterogeneous treatment effect on different types of expenditures. We show that access to credit reduces per capita expenditure on durable goods such as kitchen equipment, furniture, repair and maintenance of house and increases the expenditure on per school-going child. We also show insignificant impact of access to credit on non-durable goods and health care, recreation and gifts. Interestingly, our results indicate a positive impact of microcredit on village-level expenditures. 相似文献
53.
Outsourcing of research and development (R&D) activities has become a major management issue for R&D and technical managers within firms. It has also been of growing concern to academics who are trying to chart the implications of the increasingly distributed nature of research and innovative activities in advanced economies. This study is based on a survey of research-based pharmaceutical companies operating in the United Kingdom conducted in 2004–2006. The aim of this paper is to outline the main reasons for pharmaceutical firms to outsource R&D and the management practices followed by such companies in relation to outsourcing. The research results provide interesting findings in relation to, for example, the reasons behind outsourcing, the decision-making processes behind such practices and barriers to outsourcing arrangements. These issues are evaluated together with the characteristics of the firms and the specific project outsourced. 相似文献
54.
Rui Huang Arunima Malik 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2013,22(8):919-934
ABSTRACTThe reduction of CO2 emissions embodied in export will have an important role for China to achieve its CO2 emissions peaking target. In this study, we use input–output analysis to examine the embodied CO2 emissions in China’s export to its top largest trading countries from 2008 to 2015. We find that China’s exported CO2 emissions peaked in 2008. More than 70% of embodied CO2 emission were exported to only 20 countries, and CO2 emissions exported to developing countries have been increasing. High-energy consumption sectors contribute to CO2 emissions embodied in export significantly, such as Electricity, Gas and Water. We conclude that structural adjustment could be considered alongside technological improvements to curb China’s growing CO2 emissions. 相似文献
55.
Mohammad Mafizur Rahman Muhammad Shahbaz Abdul Farooq 《Journal Of Asia-Pacific Business》2013,14(1):21-43
This study investigates the relationship between financial development, international trade and economic growth for Australia over the period of 1965 to 2010. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration is applied to examine the long-run relationship among the series, whereas stationarity properties of the variables are tested by applying two structural break tests. Results confirm the long-run relationship among the variables. Financial development, international trade, and capital appear as the drivers of economic growth in short and long runs. The feedback effect exists between international trade and economic growth. Financial development Granger causes economic growth validating supply-side hypothesis. 相似文献
56.
Abstract In both the canonical and many extended versions of the New Keynesian model, optimal monetary policy under commitment implies price‐level stationarity as long as expectations are rational. We show that this is no longer the case if the central bank and private agents make decisions before observing current shocks. The optimal amount of price‐level drift in response to unexpected innovations to inflation is quantitatively important. This result has important implications for monetary policy, including the design of the optimal loss function for the central bank if it cannot commit to its future policies. 相似文献
57.
58.
Marcel Machill Joan Kristin Bleicher Louis Bosshart Udo Branahl Kurt Braun Alexander Dix Nicola Döring Johanna Dorer Michael Eckardt Christiane Eilders Jürgen Friedrichs Rainer Geißler Uwe Göbels Andreas Hepp Joachim Huber Otfried Jarren Bernd Klammer Hans J. Kleinsteuber Friedrich Krotz Hans-Jürgen Krug Kurt Lang Maja Malik Monika Pater Oliver Quiring Bärbel Röben Karen K. Rosenwerth Georg Ruhrmann Stephan Ruß-Mohl Wilfried Scharf Olaf Selg Frank Siebel Insa Sjurts Karl-Heinz Stamm Tilman Steiner Ronald Uden Stephan Alexander Weichert Christian Zabel 《Publizistik》2006,51(2):234-272
59.
Alice Maltby Farooq Chudry Gamini Wedande 《Journal of Financial Services Marketing》2003,8(2):152-165
Previous research contended that men and women have different information processing tendencies, and suggested that they react differently to certain features of written communication created by financial services direct marketers. Women respond well to bright colours, photographs and images and men respond well to bold headlines, bullet points and graphs. Responses can also vary according to the amount of perceived risk involved in the transaction. This exploratory study attempted to contextualise some of these issues in terms of gender and explored how men and women used the internet, their responses to certain types of website and whether there were gender implications for web page design. 相似文献
60.
This article employs a recently developed time-series econometric technique to examine the magnitude and persistence of unanticipated changes in real output on unemployment rates by race and gender. Through the use of generalized impulse response analysis, we measure the extent to which the behavior of unemployment rates of white males, black males, black females, and white females differ in response to real output shocks. The results suggest that, while real output growth reduces the unemployment rate of all demographic groups, the effect is larger and more persistent for blacks than whites and for males than for females. The findings are particularly important for understanding the demographic impacts of policy initiatives aimed at inducing changes in real output growth. 相似文献