SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING FAMILY EXPENDITURES FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION*

The work week is becoming shorter, family incomes are rising, and population is increasing. This provides more opportunity for outdoor recreation and probably increases the demand for such facilities and related services. This paper is directed to the user of outdoor recreation facilities and attempts to analyze some factors influencing user expenditures. A sample of families from Census tract areas with low to high median family incomes, a major part of a relatively large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, was interviewed to obtain the empirical information treated in this paper. Factors expected to influence annual expenditures for outdoor recreation were annual family income, age of head of household, education, race, distance to outdoor recreation facilities and time spent participating in outdoor recreation outside an urban area. The principal findings indicate that most people travelled relatively short distances to outdoor recreation sites, and that family income, education, distance to recreation facility and time spent were significantly related to annual family expenditures. The authors believe that increased demand for outdoor recreation will significantly influence additional development of people-oriented outdoor recreation facilities and services. LOCALISATION ET LOISIRS DE PLEIN AIR –La semaine de travail est en train de diminuer. les revenus des families s'élèvent et la population s'accroît. Tout cela procure des occasions supplémentaires pour les loisirs de plein air et probablement augmente la demande de biens de ce type, et de services divers. Cet article concerne ceux qui ont des loisirs de plein air et essaie d'analyser les facteurs influencant leur depenses. Un échantillon des families à partir des zones de recensement avec des revenus bas jusqu'aux revenus médians, la plus grande partie de la zone statistique métropolitaine type, a été interviewée dans le but d'obtenir I'information empirique décrite et analysée dans eel article. Les facteurs qui sont supposés influencer les dépenses annuelles directes de loisirs de plein air étaient le revenu familial annuel, l'âge du chef de famille, l'éducation, la race, la distance jusqu'aux lieux de loisirs et le temps passé en participant aux loisirs a l'intérieur de la zone urbaine échantillonnée. Les principales conclusions indiquent que la plupart des gens voyagent sur de courtes distances jusqu'aux installations de loisirs et que le revenu familial, l'éducation, la distance jusqu'aux lieux de loisir et le temps passé en loisirs sont relies d'une façon significative aux dépenses annuelles des families pour ce genre de loisirs. Les auteurs pensent qu'une demande croissante de loisirs de plein air contribuera, d'une façon significative au développement supplémentaire des services et installations des loisirs de plein air.     

Money and capital

The effects of money (anticipated inflation) on capital formation is a classic issue in macroeconomics. Previous papers adopt reduced-form approaches, putting money in the utility function, or imposing cash in advance, but using otherwise frictionless models. We follow instead a literature that tries to be explicit about the frictions making money essential. This introduces new elements, including a two-sector structure with centralized and decentralized markets, stochastic trading opportunities, and bargaining. These elements matter quantitatively and numerical results differ from findings in the reduced-form literature. The analysis also reduces a gap between microfounded monetary economics and mainstream macro.     

Demand responsive transport: towards the emergence of a new market segment

This paper focuses on recent British experience with telematics-based Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) services in rural areas. In recent years, the ability of DRT concepts to provide efficient, viable transport services has been greatly enhanced by the use of transport telematics as demonstrated in a variety of environments across Europe. The success of British local authorities in winning substantial funding under the Rural and Urban Bus Challenge programmes for the implementation of DRT has resulted in widespread interest in flexible forms of transport. It is thus timely to evaluate the impact of this substantial investment. Drawing on the experience of a number of UK schemes, the paper assesses the reasons for the new-found success of what is becoming a relatively well-accepted mode by concentrating on a variety of factors including: service characteristics (particularly route flexibility, flexibility of booking method and pre-booking regime), emerging markets and the overall contribution of DRT to increased social inclusion and intermodality. Impediments to the development of DRT services are highlighted. The paper also discusses current research into the next generation of DRT services and concludes by identifying some key issues for policy-makers concerned with the future implementation of DRT services.     

Do Wages Rise or Fall Following Merger?*

This paper provides a systematic empirical analysis of the effects of merger and acquisition activity on profitability and firm‐level employee remuneration in the UK, using a specially constructed database for the period 1979–91. It finds that both profitability and wages rise following acquisition, and firms that merge within the same industry division experience larger increases in profitability and pay their workers higher wages than those engaged in unrelated acquisitions; i.e. in part, the result of an increase in the efficiency with which labour is used following related acquisition.     

Market Size and Economic Integration when Labor Markets are Unionized

The paper explores the effects of economic integration on trade, wages, and welfare when market sizes differ. A duopoly model with two‐way intraindustry trade in similar products and with unionized labor markets is employed. It is confirmed that, for a wide range of different relative market sizes, integration leads to higher wages, employment, and welfare. However, where market sizes differ widely, the reduction of trade barriers leads to a reduction of wages, employment, and—in some circumstances—welfare in the country with the large market.     

Resourceful Sensemaking in an Administrative Group

ABSTRACT In this study, we present the concept of resourceful sensemaking as an extension of Weick's sensemaking theory. Resourceful sensemaking extends Weick's theory by carefully examining the influence of the lifeworld on organizational sensemaking practices. Lifeworld factors that affect organizational sensemaking are brought out in a dialectical method wherein a working definition of the resourceful sensemaking concept is compared with the sensemaking practices of an administrative group. We then show how this dialectical method can help develop a more robust formulation of the resourceful sensemaking concept. The paper ends by discussing the strengths and shortcomings of the concept and suggesting directions for future organizational sensemaking research.     

The Bases of Compromise in the Workplace: A Theoretical Framework

Schemes for workplace participation have long been promoted and vilified. Such conflicting views have been brought into sharp focus by the highly variable results of such practices as teamwork. Yet a theoretical framework to grasp workplace co‐operation is lacking. This paper develops a framework on the basis of theory and a review of a wide range of empirical studies. Capital and labour each have two sets of ‘concerns’: over ‘control’ of the workplace and the longer term ‘development’ of the productive forces. Cross‐classifying these concerns produces a matrix of patterns of workplace relations. Each cell of the matrix represents a different combination of the interests of capital and labour. The matrix can be used to map participation schemes so as to capture their varying features. The next task, pursued elsewhere, is to identify the conditions leading to locations in different cells of the matrix.