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41.
Ten countries—most completing their transition from socialist-based economies to market economies—are slated to join the European Union (EU) in 2004 and four additional countries are expected to become members at some future dates. Despite the relatively small economic size of the accession countries, this type of deep integration can have non-negligible effects on countries outside of the preferential zone as the reduction in barriers across partners leads to a re-orientation of trade. In this paper, we evaluate the extent of trade adjustments and the economic impacts it will have on the East Asian economies using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The overall macroeconomic effects on East Asia are small. There is some trade diversion, but there may be an opportunity to increase market penetration in some sectors of the expanding EU for which East Asia has a marked comparative advantage. The paper also assesses the relative importance of linking trade openness to productivity and lowering trade costs between the accession countries and the EU-15. 相似文献
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Katsuya Ito 《Post - Communist Economies》2019,31(4):500-506
In this article, using the VECM model we attempt to empirically examine the Dutch disease effect of remittances in Georgia. The analyses are based on quarterly data covering the years 2000–2016. It is found that an inflow of remittances leads to an appreciation of the real effective exchange rate in the long run, whereas it has the reverse effect in the short run. 相似文献
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This paper empirically examines depositors' ability to distinguish healthy banks from problematic banks, a necessary condition for depositors to impose discipline on banking institutions. We analyzed a large panel of 784 deposit‐taking institutions in Japan during the period from the 1992 financial year to the 2002 financial year. Our estimates indicate that depositors rightly appreciated the difference between healthy banks and risky banks, and that depositors of larger institutions are more sensitive to the bank risks than those of smaller institutions. We further argue that the estimated risk sensitivities of depositors are large enough to discipline the deposit‐taking institutions. 相似文献
46.
A Secure and Fair Protocol that Addresses Weaknesses of the Nash Bargaining Solution in Nonlinear Negotiation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Negotiation with multiple interdependent issues is an important problem since much of real-world negotiation falls into this
category. This paper examines the problem that, in such domains, agent utility functions are nonlinear, and thereby can create
nonconvex Pareto frontiers. This in turn implies that the Nash Bargaining Solution, which has been viewed as the gold standard
for identifying a unique optimal negotiation outcome, does not serve that role in nonlinear domains. In nonlinear domains, unlike linear ones, there can be multiple Nash Bargaining Solutions,
and all can be sub-optimal with respect to social welfare and fairness. In this paper, we propose a novel negotiation protocol
called SFMP (the Secure and Fair Mediator Protocol) that addresses this challenge, enabling secure multilateral negotiations
with fair and pareto-optimal outcomes in nonlinear domains. The protocol works by (1) using nonlinear optimization, combined
with a Multi-Party protocol, to find the Pareto front without revealing agent’s private utility information, and (2) selecting
the agreement from the Pareto set that maximizes a fair division criterion we call approximated fairness. We demonstrate that
SFMP is able to find agreements that maximize fairness and social welfare in nonlinear domains, and out-performs (in terms
of outcomes and scalability) previously developed nonlinear negotiation protocols. 相似文献
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Najibullah Hassanzoy Shoichi Ito Hiroshi Isoda Yuichiro Amekawa 《Applied economics》2017,49(30):2939-2955
This article examines cointegration and spatial price transmission among Afghan wheat and flour markets as well as their linkages with those of supplier countries and global markets. Unit root tests, consistent momentum threshold autoregressive (M-TAR) models and vector error correction models (asymmetric and symmetric) are employed to achieve research objectives. The results suggest that provincial wheat and flour markets may have a long-run relationship with principal market of Kabul. Afghan wheat and flour markets may also be cointegrated with their respective global, Kazakh and Pakistani markets. While provincial wheat markets might adjust to divergence from their long-run equilibrium with Kabul wheat market, some of the provincial flour markets may not respond to deviation from their long-run equilibrium with Kabul flour market. The speed of adjustment towards the long-run Afghan–Pakistani and Afghan–Kazakh equilibrium may be faster for Afghan flour than wheat markets. The equilibrium adjustment coefficients are generally small and market imperfections may exist, however. A shock in Kabul wheat and flour markets may have long-lasting effect on the respective provincial markets whereas a shock in global wheat and Pakistani, and Kazakh wheat and flour markets might have transitory effect on the corresponding Afghan markets. 相似文献
49.
Structural and competitive determinants of globally oriented small- and medium-sized enterprises: An empirical analysis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda Robert Anderson Jack Ito Garnet Garven 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2010,8(1):55-86
This paper examines the factors influencing the internationalization of the activities of small- and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) as an entrepreneurial response to the opportunities and threats posed by the increasing globalization of the economic
system. Findings from agricultural equipment manufacturers indicate that size, international experience, innovation, and distinctiveness
have a direct influence on the degree in internationalization by SMEs. Scanning, learning, and networking have some influence
on the extent of internationalization of SME activities but only indirectly through other variables. Competition intensity
and uncertainty also have an indirect impact on internationalization, but standardization does not. Relative importance of
each determinant is ascertained and the impact of SME internationalization activities on performance is assessed. 相似文献
50.