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141.
Numerous empirical studies use the price-cost-margin-based Lerner Index (LI) to assess the general market power of banks. A common procedure within those LI applications is to approximate the market price required for the LI measurement as the ratio of a bank’s total revenues to total assets. We discuss the major flaws of this aggregated procedure and propose an adjusted (i.e. business segment-orientated) LI approach, which is then applied to assess the market power of banks in the specific lending business at the country level. Our empirical study is based on an original data set containing all interest-related categories (weighted by the respective loan as well as deposit volumes) in the countries of the European Monetary Union zone (EMU) from 2003 to 2013. Our results reveal that the country-specific market power of banks in the lending business has been substantially underestimated in previous studies based on aggregated outputs. For example, averaged across the five most important economies in the EMU, we detect a calibration factor of four. Our findings corroborate the economic notion that the interest-bearing lending business is a more locally separated, and thus profitable, segment in which competition is attenuated. 相似文献
142.
Abstract We construct a model of trade with heterogeneous retailers to examine the effects of trade liberalization on retail market structure, imports and social welfare. We are especially interested in investigating the transmission of lower import prices into consumer prices and the effects of retail market regulation. The paper shows that changes in import prices may have large effects on consumer prices and import volumes when changes in retail market structure are taken into account, and that restrictions on retailing, as they occur in several countries, may significantly alter this transmission mechanism by reducing imports and raising consumer prices. 相似文献
143.
Jaap Docter Rob Van Der Horst Casper Stokman 《Entrepreneurship & Regional Development》2013,25(1):33-52
Innovation in small manufacturing companies often proceeds in an unstructured way. For the most part there is no previous well-defined plan. Small companies manage to introduce product and process innovations in a great variety of ways. The activities involved in the innovation process vary from one company to another, as does the total duration of the process. With product innovations, the market to which the companies orient largely determines how the innovation evolves. With process innovations, it is the novelty of the innovation that determines the mode of evolution. Next to the know-how invested in the company, sources of information in the business sector are particularly intensively used, such as customers and suppliers. The use of other sources depends strongly on the stage in the innovation process. These are the most important conclusions from an investigation that has been carried out under commission from the Dutch government. Its objective was to establish how innovation is accomplished in small companies and which sources of information are used at the successive stages of the innovation process. 相似文献
144.
145.
Intereconomics - Since March 1973 virtually all major currencies or currency blocs have been floating. As a result — so it seemed — controls over international capital movements would... 相似文献
146.
147.
Principles of Neo-Schumpeterian Economics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Within the last 25 years great progress has been made in Neo-SchumpeterianEconomics, this branch of economic literature which deals withdynamic processes causing qualitative transformation of economiesbasically driven by the introduction of novelties in their variousand multifaceted forms. By its very nature, innovation and,in particular, technological innovation is the most exponentand most visible form of novelty. However, Neo-SchumpeterianEconomics should be concerned with all facets of open and uncertaindevelopments in socio-economic systems. A comprehensive Neo-Schumpeterianapproach therefore has to consider not only transformation processesgoing on, e.g., on the industry level of an economy, but alsoon the public and monetary side of an economic system. Our contributionintroduces those extensions and complements to a comprehensiveNeo-Schumpeterian economic theory, and develops some signpostsin the sense of a roadmap for necessary strands of analysisin the future. 相似文献
148.
Die fiskalischen Folgen der Wirtschaftskrise und die ab 2020 strikt geltende Schuldenbremse machen es erforderlich, dass Bund,
L?nder und Gemeinden ihre Ausgaben auf Auff?lligkeiten hin untersuchen. Ein Instrument auf Landes- und Gemeindeebene ist der
systematische Ausgabenvergleich zwischen Bundesl?ndern. Dabei ergibt sich die Schwierigkeit, dass zahlreiche Aufgaben in Teilen
von beiden Ebenen erfüllt werden. Um diese zu analysieren, ist der Kommunalisierungsgrad der Aufgabenerfüllung zu bestimmen. 相似文献
149.
Horst Siebert 《The World Economy》2006,29(2):137-159
Krugman's verdict that competitiveness of countries is a largely meaningless concept is a serious misjudgement of the economics profession. Countries compete for the mobile factors of production, most importantly for capital and technology. The exit‐option of these factors and of firms changes the calculus of national governments. This paper sets out the main elements of the concept of competition between locations – locational competition – and analyses its impact on welfare and employment of the capital‐exporting country. It also looks at whether competition between countries necessarily results in a race to the bottom or whether it can function as a controlling mechanism for governments and as a discovery device. The paper discusses under which conditions common rules are needed to reduce transaction costs and to prevent strategic, opportunistic behaviour of countries and which common rules thus reduce transaction costs. Finally, it deals with the question whether one institutional equilibrium in the world economy can be expected or whether many national equilibriums can coexist. 相似文献
150.