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Horst Siebert 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1991,1(3):271-287
The creation of the EC's internal market by the end of 1992 appears to necessitate a harmonization of environmental policies in the European Community. Against this background, the paper analyzes the options for decentralizing environmental policy in Europe and indicates some limitations of this approach.It is shown that, in the case of stationary sources, a harmonization is not required whereas, in the case of international spillovers and global environmental systems, a decentralization of policies is possible if countries can agree on international diffusion norms or national emission quantities, respectively. A harmonization seems to be unavoidable if product norms have to be applied, e.g. in the case of pollutants in consumption goods. Generally, however, price instruments should be used wherever possible, since they allow for a regional differentiation of environmental qualities without segmenting European markets. 相似文献
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We develop a model with multi‐product retailers acting as intermediaries between manufacturers and consumers. We show that the rise in retailer product assortment, the rise of up‐front payments in many retail markets and the observed shift in employment from manufacturing to retailing may be the consequence of the global integration of product markets. We also identify a novel benefit from market integration consisting of efficiency gains in the vertical distribution chain. 相似文献
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Horst Feldmann 《Southern economic journal》2013,79(3):659-679
This article studies the effects of the real interest rate on labor market performance. Using a much larger sample of countries and more indicators of labor market performance than have been used in previous articles, it finds that a rise in the real interest rate increases the unemployment rate, raises the share of long‐term unemployed, and reduces the employment rate. The magnitude of these effects is very small in the short run but much more pronounced—though still fairly small—in the long run. Young people are disproportionately affected. The results are robust to variations in specification. 相似文献
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Horst Rottmann 《Applied economics》2013,45(17):2423-2441
This article presents a micro data approach to the identification of credit crunches. Using a survey among German firms which regularly queries the firms' assessment of the current willingness of banks to extend credit, we estimate the probability of a restrictive loan supply policy by time taking into account the creditworthiness of borrowers. Creditworthiness is approximated by firm-specific factors, e.g. the firms' assessment of their current business situation and their business expectations. After controlling for the return on the banks' risk-free investment alternative, which is also likely to affect the supply of loans, we derive a credit crunch indicator, which measures that part of the shift in the loan supply that is neither explained by firm-specific factors nor by the opportunity costs of providing risky loans. 相似文献
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Horst Zimmermann 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2013,93(8):534-538
German equalisation systems among states (Länder) and among communities assign higher expenditure needs to larger cities. For the system among the states (Länderfinanzausgleich), in which the three city-states are assigned a value of 135 compared to a value of 100 for the other states, this element is challenged in a pending case before the constitutional court. The paper argues that the city-states should be treated like any large city in Germany, which would result in their being assigned a value well above 135. The main justification for the higher value for larger cities is seen in the crucial role of modern agglomerations for national economic growth. To maintain this role, they have to be able to keep or receive enough public finances, given that they contribute to upper-level finances way above the average but receive relatively little through those levels’ spending. The progressive scale smoothes at least some of this effect. 相似文献