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31.
Hugo Dicke Juergen B. Donges Egbert Gerken Grant Kirkpatrick 《Review of World Economics》1988,124(2):301-321
Zusammenfassung Die ?konomischen Wirkungen der Agrarpolitik in Westdeutschland. - In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Modell des allgemeinen Gleichgewichts
benutzt, um die Wirkungen der Agrarprotektion auf die gesamte Volkswirtschaft abzusch?tzen bzw. zu ermitteln, wie sich eine
Liberalisierung auswirkt. Dabei werden die nationalen, aber auch die von der EG gew?hrten Subventionen berücksichtigt. Es
wird simuliert, da? alle an Auflagen gebundenen Subventionen und der implizite Zoll auf Agrareinfuhren in H?he von 54 vH abgeschafft
werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da? nach einer Liberalisierung die gesamte Besch?ftigung um rund 4 vH und das Einkommen um
etwa 3 vH zunehmen würden. Die Importe landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse würden ebenso steigen wie die Exporte von Sektoren
wie der Elektroindustrie und des Maschinenbaus, bei deren Produkten die Bundesrepublik einen komparativen Vorteil hat. Der
Agrarprotektionismus verursacht also viel h?here Kosten als nur die, die sich im ?ffentlichen Haushalt und in den Preissteigerungen
für die Verbraucher zeigen.
Résumé Les effets économiques de la politique agricole en Allemagne de l’Ouest. - Dans cet article les auteurs appliquent un modèle de l’équilibre générale pour évaluer les conséquences de la protection agricole ou d’une libéralisation. Les subventions sur le niveau national et international sont considérées. Les auteurs simulent une élimination de toutes les subventions liées à un but spécifique et du tarif implicite sur les importations agricoles de 54 pourcent. Les résultats démontrent qu’après une libéralisation l’emploi agrégé accro?traient à peu près par 4 pourcent et le revenu par 3 pourcent. Les importations agricoles accroissent aussi bien que les exportations des secteurs - comme par example de la construction des machines électriques et mécaniques - où l’Allemagne de l’Ouest possède un avantage comparatif. La protection agricole implique des co?ts beaucoup plus hauts que ceux qui sont reflétés dans le budget publique et dans les augmentations des prix au consommateur.
Resumen Los efectos económicos de la política agraria en Alemania Occidental. - En este trabajo se utiliza un modelo aplicado de equilibrio general para investigar las consecuencias de la protección al sector agrario y de una liberalizatión sobre toda la economía. Se toman en cuenta subsidios tanto a nivel nacional cómo a nivel de la Comunidad. Se simula la eliminación de todos los subsidios condicionales y del arancel implícito sobre las importaciones agrarias del 54%. Los resultados muestran que bajo una liberalizatión el empleo agregado incrementaría en un 4 % y el ingreso en un 3 %. Las importaciones de productos agrarios aumentarían, como también las exportaciones de sectores como ingeniería eléctrica y mecánica, en los cuales Alemania goza de ventajas comparativas. Se concluye que la protección al sector agrario genera más costos que aquellos que se reflejan en el presupuesto nacional y en incrementos de los precios al consumidor.相似文献
32.
This paper evaluates the effects of quality change on the price index for new passenger cars in Portugal for the years 1997–2001. Hedonic regression models are studied, giving particular emphasis to the relation between the form of the price index and the econometric techniques used for inference. The results of the empirical part of the paper indicate that during this period the changes in the quality of new cars sold in Portugal are responsible for price increases averaging 4.8% per year. Because this quality change was not entirely taken into account, in recent years the CPI component corresponding to the sales of new passenger cars may have been overestimated by as much as 2.2 percentage points per year. This corresponds to an overestimation of the overall CPI by about 0.15 percentage points per year. 相似文献
33.
Graeme Hugo 《Revue internationale de statistique》2006,74(3):335-355
International migration has reached unprecedented scale, diversity and political, economic, social and demographic significance in Asia over the last decade. Despite this data collection of migrant stocks and flows remains very limited in most Asian countries. Accordingly, policy making on migration in the region lacks an evidence base and is influenced by interest groups, anecdotal evidence and prejudice. This paper argues that the heightened security consciousness since 911 together with the development of efficient computer based collection and analysis of migration data systems has created a propitious environment for bringing about a parametric improvement in data collection on international migration in Asia. A number of suggestions are made in this regard, especially the inclusion of relevant international migration questions in the 2010 round of population censuses. 相似文献
34.
Hugo Rodríguez Mendizábal 《Review of International Economics》2002,10(2):263-277
This paper computes the transaction cost savings derived from the European Monetary Union. A continuoustime, stochastic, Baumol-like model is generalized to include several currencies and calibrated to fit European data. The analysis implies an upper bound for the savings derived from reductions in transaction costs of approximately 0.69% of Union GDP. Additionally, the magnitudes of the brokerage fee and the volatility of transactions, whose estimation has traditionally been difficult to address empirically, are approximated for Europe. 相似文献
35.
We examine the connection between Walrasian equilibria of a limit economy (with infinitesimal firms) and noncooperative (Cournot) equilibria of approximating finite economies (with significant firms). Nonconvex production sets, decreasing returns in the aggregate, and endogenous determination of the number of active firms are allowed. A Walrasian equilibrium is a limit of pure strategy noncooperative equilibria only if a condition (loosely analogous to downward sloping demand in the partial equilibrium constant returns to scale case) holds. The condition is also sufficient to guarantee the existence of a robust sequence of pure strategy noncooperative equilibria which converges to the Walrasian equilibrium. 相似文献
36.
This paper surveys the conditions under which it is possible to represent a continuous preference ordering using utility functions. We start with a historical perspective on the notions of utility and preferences, continue by defining the mathematical concepts employed in this literature, and then list several key contributions to the topic of representability. These contributions concern both the preference orderings and the spaces where they are defined. For any continuous preference ordering, we show the need for separability and the sufficiency of connectedness and separability, or second countability, of the space where it is defined. We emphasize the need for separability by showing that in any nonseparable metric space, there are continuous preference orderings without utility representation. However, by reinforcing connectedness, we show that countably boundedness of the preference ordering is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a (continuous) utility representation. Finally, we discuss the special case of strictly monotonic preferences. 相似文献
37.
Political principals typically use low-cost “fire-alarm” signals transmitted by the media, interest groups, and disaffected constituents to monitor the activities of regulatory agencies. We argue that regulatory decision making is biased and inconsistent if the instruments of political oversight are simple and the information flows to the principal are coarse relative to the complexity of the regulatory environment.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D72, L51. 相似文献
38.
39.
Marcus M. Opp Hugo F. Sonnenschein Christis G. Tombazos 《Journal of International Economics》2009,79(1):137-142
We demonstrate that Rybczynski's classic comparative statics can be reversed in a Heckscher-Ohlin world when preferences in each country favor the exported commodity. This taste bias has empirical support. An increase in the endowment of a factor of production can lead to an absolute curtailment in the production of the commodity using that factor intensively, and an absolute expansion of the commodity using relatively little of the same factor. This outcome - which we call “Reverse Rybczynski” - implies immiserizing factor growth. We present a simple analytical example that delivers this result with unique pre- and post-growth equilibria. In this example, production occurs within the cone of diversification, such that factor price equalization holds. We also provide general conditions that determine the sign of Rybczynski's comparative statics. 相似文献
40.
Entry restrictions are a common form of regulation in markets and occupations, either as a means of limiting the size of
a market or affecting the quality of products or services provided by it. This paper analyzes demand, cost and informational
characteristics that affect the impact of this type of policies on the quality mix of products provided by an industry and
the welfare of its consumers. Selective increases in the costs of entry such as licensing requirements and direct restrictions
with competitive bidding for entry rights are considered. We analyze the effects of these policies on entry decisions and
also the additional selection effects that are obtained when exit is allowed for and the rights to participate in an industry
can be freely traded. 相似文献