Labor Reform in Mexico,Analysis of Principal Changes and Method of Recruitment

Actually, the country＇s development aims to achieve higher levels of productivity, so it had to adapt to international standards. This has served to ease the hiring of both operational and managerial controls, giving emphasis on training and allowing the pairing boss-worker to take the productivity like benchmark. The labor reform allows companies to make changes with their workers; such changes must be reflected in lower costs for businesses, by labor input and increased competitiveness, however, two years ago this guideline was implanted and society asks if the results are congruent, because Mexican society is undergoing economics problems issue as well as a deficit in generating jobs. Therefore, analyzing whether modifications made to the federal labor law （FLL） are designed to optimize safety of workers and enterprises in which they work is the subject of this research. The corresponding analysis was performed using the deductive method.     

Macroeconomic stability,structural reforms,and sluggish growth: The Mexican economy since 2008–2009 and the lessons of 2015

This paper examines the evolution of the Mexican economy since the crisis of 2008–2009. It focuses on the main economic indicators of the period and then turns to the changes in economic policy adopted by Peña Nieto’s government since late 2012 and the scope and shortcomings so far of these reforms. It then looks in detail at what happened in 2015, a year characterized by a deterioration of the external environment and by a number of puzzles. Finally, it addresses the short and medium term prospects of the economy under the present set of economic policies and the changes required to put the economy on a higher growth path.     

Envy and Inequality*

We present an overlapping generations economy, populated by heterogeneous agents who care about both consumption relative to others and the bequest they leave to their offspring. We show that saving and bequest rates vary across the income distribution, and we obtain several interesting results. First, envy reduces the steady‐state capital stock and increases the degree of inequality in consumption, capital ownership, and bequests. Second, if the bequest motive is sufficiently strong the equalizing effect of bequests disappears. Third, income inequality for a given cohort increases with age. Fourth, the distribution of inherited wealth becomes more unequal than that of wealth in general. Fifth, economic position becomes more persistent across generations.     

社论：追求效率：卫生技术评估的死胡同？

《健康价值》2009年Vol.12（Suppl.2）专刊刊登的文章详细记载了各国卫生技术评估（health technology assessment,HTA）的发展,开篇及结尾的社论从中汲取了重要内容,这些内容对于那些HTA体系欠发达国家的HTA及相关政策制定方面大有裨益。     

Pricing Policy Under Double Market Power: Madagascar and the International Vanilla Market

This paper uses a price-leadership model of the international vanilla market to study the welfare consequences of alternative pricing policies for Madagascar, the leader, that also controls domestic production through a single-channel marketing system. Econometric estimates of the model are used for simulations of welfare and revenue changes and internal redistribution of income. Results indicate that Madagascar could have gained between 0.9% and 2.6% of GDP per year on average over the period 1981–91 by following optimal pricing policies, and that producers were overtaxed suggesting that political economy considerations played a role in the pricing decisions.     

Exporting and performance: evidence from Chilean plants

Abstract.  Recent empirical evidence documents the superior characteristics of exporters relative to non‐exporters. Three explanations for this phenomenon have been proposed: self‐selection; learning‐by‐exporting; and conscious self‐selection. We test these three hypotheses using plant‐level data from Chile. We find that plants that enter international markets show superior initial performance compared with non‐exporters, consistent with self‐selection; we observe increases in productivity after plants begin to export, which is consistent with learning‐by‐exporting. We also find strong evidence supporting the idea that self‐selection is a conscious process by which plants increase productivity with the purpose of becoming exporters. JEL classification: F14; O54; D21     

Demand uncertainty and the value of supply opportunities

The study considers the optimal timing of production decisions under demand uncertainty. In accordance with the modern theory of irreversible investment, the problem is modelled as one of optimal stopping. By taking an approach which is independent of dynamic programming and the smooth-fit principle, we derive explicitly both the value of the opportunity and the optimal-demand threshold. We prove that the optimal-demand threshold can be attained at a point where the smooth-fit principle is not valid. We also carry out the comparative static analysis of the optimal variables and derive conditions under which production incentives are held constant. A consequence of this analysis is that along the iso-incentive curve inflationary policy must be counteracted with strict monetary policy.     

Afforestation and forestry land allocation in northern Vietnam: Analysing the gap between policy intentions and outcomes

Many tropical countries have recently implemented similar forest policies including large-scale afforestation programmes and the devolution of land-use rights. Their success in enhancing livelihoods and contributing to improved environmental services has been widely questioned. This paper discusses the impacts of state afforestation efforts and forestry land allocation on farmers’ land-use decisions in northern Vietnam. It links policy outcomes with factors located beyond the local level by analysing the decision-making process at the policy implementation stage. Our study suggests that the current national afforestation campaign has not successfully involved households in the forestry sector and that forestry land allocation to households has often disrupted existing land-use systems with little impact on afforestation. These discrepancies between policy intentions and outcomes are partly linked to the relative freedom provinces have to interpret and adapt policies during the implementation stage. In this respect, the political and economic context has played a significant role in providing particular financial and bureaucratic incentives to the former State Forest Enterprises and to civil servants. However, we argue that these actors have been allowed or even encouraged to take advantage of these incentives by national policy-makers thanks to: (1) the lack of clarity or the poor adequacy of the policies designed at the central level, and (2) the blurred character of prevailing national discourses promoting afforestation and community-based forest management. We recommend that national policy-makers allow flexibility in policy implementation but develop mechanisms of accountability and control between the provincial and the central authorities.