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101.
Strongly stable networks 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We analyze the formation of networks among individuals. In particular, we examine the existence of networks that are stable against changes in links by any coalition of individuals. We show that to investigate the existence of such strongly stable networks one can restrict focus on a component-wise egalitarian allocation of value. We show that when such strongly stable networks exist they coincide with the set of efficient networks (those maximizing the total productive value). We show that the existence of strongly stable networks is equivalent to core existence in a derived cooperative game and use that result to characterize the class of value functions for which there exist strongly stable networks via a “top convexity” condition on the value function on networks. We also consider a variation on strong stability where players can make side payments, and examine situations where value functions may be non-anonymous—depending on player labels. 相似文献
102.
Stefan Hochguertel Rob Alessie & Arthur van Soest 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》1997,99(1):81-97
We study the structure of household portfolios of financial wealth by analyzing both the determinants of total financial wealth and the choice between risky (stocks and bonds) and riskfree assets (saving accounts). The econometric specification is a generalized trivariate Tobit model, estimated on a cross section of 3,077 households in the Netherlands in 1988. We account for endogeneity of financial wealth and for selectivity due to nonreporting. Results show that the level of financial wealth and the marginal tax rate are major determinants of the allocation between riskfree and risky assets. 相似文献
103.
Johannes W. F. C. van Lieshout Andre H. J. Nijhof Gijs J. W. Naarding Robert J. Blomme 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2021,30(8):4068-4080
This paper aims to enhance our understanding of the relationship between organizations' strategic orientation (i.e., instrumental, equidistant, and stewardship) and their innovational strategy (i.e., organizational ambidexterity and open innovation), and this relationship's influence on their sustainability performance. We expected organizations' strategic orientation to influence their innovational strategy and exhibit better corporate sustainability. We focused on 12 different multinational organizations in the Eurozone and found that inbound open innovation acts as a driver for corporate sustainability while simultaneously positively enabling organizations to pursue both financial and social initiatives. After suggesting open innovation as a new corporate sustainability antecedent, we only found empirical evidence of inbound open innovation. However, we would suggest that if organizations incorporated outbound open innovation in their strategy, they could likely improve their corporate sustainability. Also, we found that achieving an equidistant or stewardship orientation paves the way for sustainability to become an integral part of an organization's innovational culture and actualizes the organization's strategic behavior. Our findings further contribute to a deeper understanding of organizations' characteristics as their sustainability commitment grows and as they move from an instrumental to a stewardship orientation and implement an open innovational strategy. 相似文献
104.
We analyze the impact of leniency programs on the behavior of firms participating in illegal cartel agreements in a two-stage
repeated game model. Our approach takes into account asymmetric punishment effect and allows to discuss the design of leniency
programs in the setting with asymmetries. The main contribution of the paper is that we consider heterogeneous firms. This
heterogeneity results in additional costs in case of disclosure of the cartel, which are caused by asymmetric punishments.
Next, following current antitrust rules, we analyze effects of the strictness of leniency programs, which reflects the likelihood
of getting a complete exemption from fine even in case many firms self-report simultaneously. Our main conclusion is that
leniency programs work better for small companies, since a lower rate of law enforcement is needed in order to induce self-reporting
by smaller firms, while big firms are less likely to start a cartel in the first place given the possibility of self-reporting
in future. Finally, we analyze optimal enforcement strategies of the antitrust authority and conclude that the authority with
limited resources should implement more generous leniency rules the more cartelized the economy is. 相似文献
105.
106.
Rutger Hoekstra Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2002,23(3):357-378
Many environmental problems can be attributedto the extraction and emissions of physicalsubstances. Increasing our understanding of theeconomic and technological driving forcesbehind these physical flows can contribute tosolving the environmental problems related tothem. The input-output framework is a usefulsetting in which to integrate detailedinformation about economic structure andphysical flows. In this article a specificmethod in input-output analysis is reviewed,namely Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA).It is based on comparative static analysis,which decomposes historical changes of a policyvariable into determinant effects. SDA has beenapplied, for example, to analyze the demand andtechnological driving forces of energy use,CO2-emissions and various other pollutantsand resources. This article examines thetheoretical aspects of structuraldecomposition, in particular those concerningphysical flows and environmental issues.Furthermore, the article includes an extensivesurvey of empirical studies. 相似文献
107.
Abstract. This paper studies the design and effects of monetary and fiscal policy in the euro area. To do so, a stylized two‐region model of monetary and fiscal policy rules in the EMU is built. We analyse how monetary and fiscal rules affect the adjustment dynamics in the model. Both the effects on the individual countries and on the EMU aggregate economy are studied. Three aspects play an important role in the analysis: (i) the consequences of alternative monetary and fiscal policy rules, (ii) the consequences of asymmetries between EMU countries (asymmetries in macroeconomic shocks and macroeconomic structures), and (iii) the role of alternative degrees of backward‐ and forward‐looking behaviour in consumer decisions and inflation expectations. 相似文献
108.
Shifts in the production frontier occur because of changes in technology. A model of how a firm learns to use the new technology, or how it adapts from the first production frontier to the second, is suggested. Two different adaptation paths are embodied in a translog cost function and its attendant cost share equations. The paths are the traditional linear time trend and a learning curve. The model is estimated using establishment level data from a non-regulated industry that underwent a technological shift in the time period covered by the data. The learning curve resulted in more plausible estimates of technical progress and total factor productivity growth patterns. A significant finding is that, at the establishment level, all inputs appear to be substitutes.This paper was processed by N.R. Adam. 相似文献
109.
Jozef M. van Brabant 《Economics of Planning》1990,23(3):209-229
After over a decade of reform tinkering, Vietnam in early 1989 enacted a big bang that sought to combine stabilization with moving toward a market environment. In quick order, the pace of inflation was brought down to manageable levels. But the disarray resulting from stringent monetary policies not being supported by fiscal stances and control over foreign exchange led to considerable capacity underutilization and unemployment well beyond what would seem required to sustain the adjustment effort. The paper looks at the antecedents of the reform, its main components, the internal contradictions, and the dilemmas faced by the Government with a view to deriving lessons for other planned economies that may switch abruptly from a pervasive administrative planning environment to a model eventually to be anchored to market relations.Abbreviations CMEA
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
- CPE
centrally planned economy
- DE
developing economy
- DRV
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
- FDI
foreign direct investment
- NIE
newly industrialized economy
- ODA
official development assistance
- SOE
state-owned enterprise
Staff member of the Department of International Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat in New York. The views expressed here are the author's and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Secretariat. 相似文献
110.
Spatial welfare economics versus ecological footprint: modeling agglomeration,externalities and trade 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fabio Grazi Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh Piet Rietveld 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,38(1):135-153
A welfare framework for the analysis of the spatial dimensions of sustainability is developed. It covers agglomeration effects,
interregional trade, negative environmental externalities, and various land use categories. The model is used to compare rankings
of spatial configurations according to evaluations based on social welfare and ecological footprint indicators. Five spatial
configurations are considered for this purpose. The exercise is operationalized with the help of a two-region model of the
economy, that is, in line with the ‘new economic geography.’ By generating a number of numerical ‘counter-examples,’ it is
shown that the footprint method is inconsistent with an approach aimed at maximum social welfare. Unless environmental externalities
are such a large problem that they overwhelm all other components of economic well-being, a ‘spatial welfare economic’ approach
delivers totally different rankings of alternative land use configurations than the ecological footprint.
相似文献