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991.
This article tests the public interest and regulatory capture hypotheses, in the context of the Swedish electricity market,
by studying the factors influencing the Swedish Energy Agency’s decision to replace decision-makers it employs to hear customer
complaints against utilities. The study covers the period from the beginning of 1996, when a series of regulatory reforms
were introduced to improve consumer protection, until the end of 2008. The study concludes that decision-makers who find in
favor of customers have had a statistically lower probability of being removed, consistent with public interest theory. A
transitory effect of favoring utilities can be observed for the period from 2 to 6 years following the reforms. In this period,
government and public scrutiny of the regulator, which had been high in the immediate aftermath of the reforms, had waned
and there were few precedents decided by the courts that the regulator was required to follow. This vacuum created an opportunity
for the utilities to increase their influence over the regulator. Once the courts started establishing precedents in relatively
large numbers, the supervisory role of the courts ensured that the actions of the regulator were scrutinized. This development
has served a similar function to government and public scrutiny in the years immediately following the reforms in promoting
the public interest. 相似文献
992.
This paper considers the combination of pollution taxes and abatement subsidies when some polluting firms procure their abatement
goods and services from an oligopolistic eco-industry. The regulator must here cope with two simultaneous price distortions:
one that comes from pollution and the other which is caused by the eco-industry’s market power. In this context, we show that
taxing emissions while subsidizing polluters’ abatement efforts cannot lead to first-best, but the opposite occurs provided
it is the eco-industry’s output which is subsidized. When public transfers also create distortions, welfare can be higher
if the regulator uses only an emission tax, but subsidizing abatement suppliers while taxing emissions remains optimal when
the eco-industry is concentrated. 相似文献
993.
Andreas Kuhn 《Empirica》2010,37(2):215-236
This paper describes subjective wage inequality and the demand for redistribution in Austria using individuals’ estimates
of occupational wages from the International Social Survey Program. Although these estimates differ widely across individuals,
the data clearly show that most individuals would like to decrease wage inequality, relative to the level of inequality which
they perceive to exist. The empirical analysis also shows that the demand for redistribution is strongly associated not only
with variables describing self-interested motives for redistribution, but also with perceptions of and social norms with respect
to inequality. Further, the demand for redistribution is a strong predictor for whether an individual is supportive of redistribution
by the state. On the other hand, however, I find almost no evidence for an empirical association between the demand for redistribution
and individuals’ party identification. 相似文献
994.
995.
This paper surveys the conditions under which it is possible to represent a continuous preference ordering using utility functions. We start with a historical perspective on the notions of utility and preferences, continue by defining the mathematical concepts employed in this literature, and then list several key contributions to the topic of representability. These contributions concern both the preference orderings and the spaces where they are defined. For any continuous preference ordering, we show the need for separability and the sufficiency of connectedness and separability, or second countability, of the space where it is defined. We emphasize the need for separability by showing that in any nonseparable metric space, there are continuous preference orderings without utility representation. However, by reinforcing connectedness, we show that countably boundedness of the preference ordering is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a (continuous) utility representation. Finally, we discuss the special case of strictly monotonic preferences. 相似文献
996.
Rafał Kusa Daniel Palacios Marques Belén Ribeiro Navarrete 《Entrepreneurship & Regional Development》2019,31(1-2):119-132
ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between external cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). This relationship is explored in cluster environment, wherein entrepreneurial organizations compete and cooperate simultaneously to pursue opportunities. The following hypothesis is tested: External cooperation is positively correlated with entrepreneurial orientation. The hypothesis is tested with a correlation analysis on a sample of 77 small-sized enterprises operating in the Malopolska region in Poland, wherein several clusters are active. Additionally, the regression analysis is conducted to examine the associations between inter-organizational cooperation and EO dimensions. The findings confirm that external cooperation is positively correlated with EO. This observation is confronted with a pro-competitive approach that is a constitutional element of the entrepreneurship concept. Moreover, the findings show that the correlation between external cooperation and a firm’s performance is stronger than between some other EO dimensions and performance. Additionally, the findings show the important role of relationships between organizations and their clients. In the paper, several remarks for development of the theory are discussed, including the need for incorporating inter-organizational cooperation into a set of entrepreneurial traits and reflecting it in entrepreneurial orientation scales. The findings confirm the importance of that direction of theory development that focuses on inter-organizational collaboration in the context of entrepreneurship. 相似文献
997.
Meng Li 《Frontiers of Economics in China》2010,5(1):96-113
As Chinese economy system has been depended more on the import of petroleum with the development of China, the change in the
price of international oil have caused concern among economists and policy makers. This paper is to present a financial Computable
General Equilibrium (CGE) model of the Chinese economy which integrates real economy and financial sectors, and to apply it
to quantitatively evaluate the impacts on Chinese economy caused by international oil price changes. And the model endogenously
determines the exchange rate, covering fixed, partially flexible, and completely flexile exchange rate system to consider
the effect of foreign oil price changes from the point of view of macro and industrial aspects. Finally, this paper presents
concluding remarks. 相似文献
998.
In the reliability studies, k-out-of-n systems play an important role. In this paper, we consider sharp bounds for the mean residual life function of a k-out-of-n system consisting of n identical components with independent lifetimes having a common distribution function F, measured in location and scale units of the residual life random variable X
t
= (X−t|X > t). We characterize the probability distributions for which the bounds are attained. We also evaluate the so obtained bounds
numerically for various choices of k and n. 相似文献
999.
Daniela Scidá 《Journal of Applied Econometrics》2023,38(1):49-68
In this paper, I interpret a time series spatial model (T-SAR) as a constrained structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model. Based on these restrictions, I propose a minimum distance approach to estimate the (row-standardized) network matrix and the overall network influence parameter of the T-SAR from the SVAR estimates. I also develop a Wald-type test to assess the distance between these two models. To implement the methodology, I discuss machine learning methods as one possible identification strategy of SVAR models. Finally, I illustrate the methodology through an application to volatility spillovers across major stock markets using daily realized volatility data for 2004–2018. 相似文献
1000.
José?Ma?VecianaEmail author Marinés?Aponte David?Urbano 《The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal》2005,1(2):165-182
There is general agreement that attitudes towards the entrepreneur, entrepreneurial activity, and its social function are determinant factors for university students to decide an entrepreneurial career.This empirical study aims at assessing and comparing the attitudes of university students towards entrepreneurship and enterprise formation in Catalonia and Puerto Rico, using a sample of 837 and 435 students, respectively.Results reveal a positive entrepreneur’s image. Both samples have a favorable perception of desirability of new venture creation, although the perception of feasibility is by far not so positive and only a small percentage has the firm intention to create a new company. 相似文献