The impact of trade restrictions on U.S. apparel consumers

The loss incurred by U.S. apparel consumers in 1980 due to higher prices from tariffs and quotas was estimated. The price impact of tariffs was based on the ad valorem tariff rate while the price impact of quotas was based on estimated price differences between domestic and imported apparel at the same U.S. distribution level.Consumer losses in 1980 ranged from $10 billion to $12 billion depending on the price elasticity of demand for apparel and whether consumers or distributors received the scarcity rent generated by quotas. The increase in consumer expenditures due to higher prices accounted for the greatest proportion of consumer losses and ranged from 23% to 25% of total consumer expenditures for apparel depending on the allocation of the scarcity rent.While a reduction in trade restrictions would benefit consumers, such a reduction would also impose losses on firms and workers in the domestic apparel industry. However, there are other strategies for meeting competition from imports that would benefit producers as well as consumers.

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Einfuhrbeschränkungen aus Konsumentensicht — das Beispiel des US-amerikanischen Kleidungsmarktes

Zusammenfassung Die hohen amerikanischen Bekleidungseinfuhren der letzten 25 Jahre sind eine Folge der hohen Arbeitsintensität der Bekleidungsproduktion, die Ländern mit niedrigem Lohnniveau einen komparativen Vorteil bietet. Schon seit längerem sollen Zölle und Einfuhrmengen-Beschränkungen die amerikanische Bekleidungsindustrie schützen.Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, die Verluste zu schätzen, die bei amerikanischen Käufern von Bekleidung im Jahre 1980 durch diejenigen Preiserhöhungen entstanden sind, die auf Zölle und Mengenbeschränkungen zurückzuführen sind. Die Schätzung der Preiswirkungen der Zölle knüpft unmittelbar an deren Beträge an, während die Schätzung der Preiswirkung der Mengenbeschränkungen an Preisunterschiede zwischen vergleichbaren heimischen Bekleidungsgütern und importierten Bekleidungsgütern anknüpft.Die auf diese Weise geschätzten Verbraucherverluste für das Jahr 1980 liegen zwischen 10 und 12 Milliarden Dollar (je nach der Höhe der Preiselastizität der Bekleidungsgüter-Nachfrage). Preisbedingte Ausgabenerhöhungen machen den größten Teil der Verbraucherverluste aus (ca. 23 bis 25% der gesamten Verbrauchsausgaben für Bekleidung).Die Analyse ist auf preisbedingte Verbraucherverluste beschränkt. Mögliche Einschränkungen der Wahlmöglichkeit durch Einfuhrbeschränkungen werden nicht erfaßt. Beispielsweise können Einfuhrmengen-Beschränkungen das Qualitätsspektrum der importierten Güter beeinflussen und zu einer Substitution besserer und teurerer Güter durch schlechtere Güter führen. Die Vernachlässigung solcher Wirkungen bedeutet, daß die im vorliegenden Beitrag quantifizierten Verbraucherverluste durch Einfuhrbeschränkungen unterschätzt sein dürften.Einerseits würde die Aufhebung von Einfuhrbeschränkungen den Verbrauchern nützen, andererseits würde sie jedoch der amerikanischen Bekleidungsindustrie Schaden bringen und zu Unternehmensschließungen und zu Arbeitslosigkeit führen. Strategien, um dem ausländischen Wettbewerb wirkungsvoll zu begegnen, liegen im Bereich neuer Produktionstechnologien, verbessertem Einsatz des Marketinginstrumentariums und vor allem im Bereich der Produktqualität. Solche Strategien würden sowohl der Industrie als auch den Konsumenten nützen, sie werden jedoch so lange unterdrückt, wie Handelsbeschränkungen auf anderem Wege einen Schutz gegen die Importkonkurrenz bieten.Das Beispiel zeigt die Divergenz von Produzenten- und Konsumenteninteressen bei Fragen des internationalen Handels. Diese Divergenz sollte für die Verbraucheraufklärung Anstoß sein, Konsumenten und ihre Organisationen auf die Vorteile des freien Handels aufmerksam zu machen, so daß sie ihren politischen Willen ebenso wirkungsvoll vorbringen wie Produzenten oder Arbeitnehmer.This paper is Scientific Article Number A-3731, Contribution Number 6707 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Rachel Dardis is a Professor, and Katherine Cooke a Graduate Student, at the Department of Textiles and Consumer Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.     

Human resource practices as communications and the psychological contract

This article examines the psychological contract and human resource practices as communications relevant to that contract. We argue that employees, at certain times only, systematically analyze their employers' HR practices for meaning vis-ri-vis their psychological contract. Judgments about the adequacy with which their psychological contracts are fulfilled result from such systematic analyses, and these judgments have important effects on employee commitment. Practical implications of our analysis are also discussed.     

Designing with LEGO: exploring low fidelity visualization as a trigger for student behavior change toward idea fluency

International Journal of Technology and Design Education - Novice design students struggle to engage with early stage design visualization tools such as sketching and prototyping. Instead students...     

Something in the water: contaminated drinking water and infant health

This paper provides estimates of the effects of in utero exposure to contaminated drinking water on fetal health. To do this, we examine the universe of birth records and drinking water testing results for the state of New Jersey from 1997 to 2007. Our data enable us to compare outcomes across siblings who were potentially exposed to differing levels of harmful contaminants from drinking water while in utero. We find small effects of drinking water contamination on all children, but large and statistically significant effects on birth weight and gestation of infants born to less educated mothers. We also show that those mothers who were most affected by contamination were the least likely to move between births in response to contamination.     

‘The Navigator Network’: a New Zealand futurewatch case study

New Zealand's ‘Navigator Network’ is a national scanning network of scientists and policy analysts providing ‘early alert’ advice about emerging areas of science and technology. It was established by the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST) to enhance the government's readiness to respond to the opportunities and risks around new technologies, particularly in biotechnology and nanotechnology. The Navigator Network has been tailored to the New Zealand context, which is characterised by a small, well-connected government sector and a strong focus on agricultural biotechnology and food. The network builds on these features, and is ‘people-centric’ rather than ‘information-centric’, using dialogic approaches to generate new knowledge between diverse stakeholder groups. It also focuses on building futures capability in the government and science sectors. Representatives from government agencies are integrated into the process as scanners to facilitate uptake. It also has an adaptive development process via an action learning component.     

Questioning policy,youth participation and lifestyle sports

Young people have been identified as a key target group for whom participation in sport and physical activity could have important benefits to health and well-being and consequently have been the focus of several government policies to increase participation in the UK. Lifestyle sports represent one such strategy for encouraging and sustaining new engagements in sport and physical activity in youth groups, however, there is at present a lack of understanding of the use of these activities within policy contexts. This paper presents findings from a government initiative which sought to increase participation in sport for young people through provision of facilities for mountain biking in a forest in south-east England. Findings from qualitative research with 40 young people who participated in mountain biking at the case study location highlight the importance of non-traditional sports as a means to experience the natural environments through forms of consumption which are healthy, active and appeal to their identities. In addition, however, the paper raises questions over the accessibility of schemes for some individuals and social groups, and the ability to incorporate sports which are inherently participant-led into state-managed schemes. Lifestyle sports such as mountain biking involve distinct forms of participation which present a challenge for policy-makers who seek to create and maintain sustainable communities of youth participants.     

Overlooking the obvious: an exploration of what it means to be a sport fan from a female perspective

While sport fans are demographically diverse, in current literature, sport fans appear to be a homogenous group consisting primarily of white, adult men. Thus, the current understanding of sport fan characteristics is based primarily on the perspectives of one segment of the fan market. The purpose of this study is to explore how female sport fans perceive and prioritise fan characteristics. In this pilot project, we interviewed nine women who self-identified as fans of the same Canadian Football League team. Data analysis consisted of organising, reading, rereading, coding, categorising and theming. According to the participants, a fan is one who legitimately enjoys the sport and the team, wears team colours and demonstrates positive support for the team. Knowledge and attendance were seen as secondary fan characteristics. The results suggest different perspectives on fanship from a female viewpoint.     

Management Research and Religion: A Citation Analysis

Research on management with regard to religion became a growing field of interest in the last decades. Nevertheless, the impact of religion on actor’s economic behavior is also an old research topic, as the writings of Max Weber (The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, Allen and Unwin, London, 1930) underline. The purpose of this contribution is to highlight the developments of this topic and to guide scholars to identify possible gaps. The structuring and investigation on this topic will help us to advance and better understand past research, while leading to some further reflections. We conduct a citation analysis of 215 articles and 7,968 cited references to examine the citation structure and make out the most-influential publications that have shaped research most so far. On the basis of the analysis it is to be assumed that three research streams affect progress: Best practices regarding performance issues, religion at work as well as religion, and personal ethics. Finally, the publications that each topic-clusters contains are reflected and discussed to achieve a structural overview of the state of the art of research.