Examining the Draw of Diversity: How Diversity Climate Perceptions Affect Job‐Pursuit Intentions

Organizations must target talented applicants, who will often be demographically diverse, to attract the most competent and competitive workforce possible. Despite the bottom‐line implications of attracting the best and brightest, surprisingly little is known about how and why diversity recruitment strategies affect recruitment outcomes (e.g., job‐pursuit intentions). To gain insight into this question, we conducted an initial experimental study (N = 194) to test the premise that other‐group orientation moderates the relationship between perceived organizational value of diversity and job‐pursuit intentions. In a follow‐up experiment (N = 255), identity affirmation was examined as the mediating mechanism for the interaction observed in the first study. Mediated moderation analyses supported the proposed model. Collectively, the studies indicate that job seekers high in other‐group orientation are more intent on pursuing employment with organizations deemed to value diversity because they feel that their salient identities are likely to be affirmed. No such indirect effect is present for those lower in other‐group orientation.     

Reflections from Employers on the Disabled Workforce: Focus Groups with Healthcare,Hospitality and Retail Administrators

Historically, employment rates for people with disabilities have been low. Despite legislation that prohibits the discrimination of this group in work settings, employers are reluctant to hire people with disabilities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of employers with workers with disabilities. Three focus groups were conducted with 21 administrators from three business sectors (i.e., healthcare, hospitality, and retail). Content analysis indicated five primary themes: (1) importance of disability employment agencies and disability advocates; (2) persistence of manager bias; (3) lack of promotion opportunities; (4) costs associated with having workers with disabilities; and (5) benefits associated with having workers with disabilities. Implications include the need for intervention studies that address the challenges experienced by individuals with disabilities, particularly during hiring and promoting phases of employment, and educational efforts to inform administrators and managers of the few costs and numerous benefits associated with having workers with disabilities.     

The importance of advertising skepticism for brand extension appeals

According to existing research, ad persuasiveness decreases as advertising skepticism (i.e., the tendency to disbelieve advertising claims) increases. What remains unclear, however, is whether or not this effect extends to brand extension appeals. We suggest that the effect may vary according to brand extension similarity. Three studies test this assertion while providing process evidence and boundary conditions for the proposed effect. According to the findings, consumers automatically transfer associations from parent brands to highly similar extensions or automatically block these associations in the case of highly dissimilar extensions—reducing the impact of advertising skepticism on ad persuasiveness. At moderate levels, however, extension similarity is less predictive of the transfer process, increasing the negative effect of advertising skepticism on persuasion. Consistent with this account, the results identify brand transfer (i.e., the ability of the parent brand to make the extension) as the underlying mechanism explaining the advertising skepticism effect for moderately similar brand extension appeals. Furthermore, the results show how marketers can reduce these effects, and increase extension success, by emphasizing extension attributes that are shared with the parent brand. Collectively, these results provide a unique theoretical view, improving our understanding of advertising skepticism and the drivers of brand extension success.     

The welfare cost of means‐testing: pensioner participation in income support

We estimate parametric and semi‐parametric binary choice models of benefit take‐up by British pensioners and use a revealed preference argument to infer the cash‐equivalent value of disutility arising from stigma or complexity of the claims process. These implicit costs turn out to be relatively small, averaging about £3–4 per week across Income Support recipients. Using the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke measure of poverty among pensioners, we find that allowing for implicit claim costs incurred by benefit recipients raises the measured degree of poverty by not more than 13%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Toward a conceptual framework of the harmonization of bank financial reporting standards in transition economies: The case of Mexico

In recent years banks in emerging and transition economies throughout the world have been compelled to change lending and financial reporting practices in response to the economic transition of their countries. Correspondingly, on the basis of the theory of soft budget constraints (SBC), economists have studied the relationship between economic development, banks' lending practices, and banks' penchant to overstate loans. However, very little research has been performed by accounting researchers regarding the nature of bank loan overstatement during times of financial crisis in emerging markets. Accordingly, this paper uses the theory of soft budget constraints to develop a four stage conceptual framework of the harmonization of bank financial reporting standards during times of economic transition. Emphasis is placed on using the theory of soft budget constraints to characterize the harmonization of standards and practices with respect to bank loan overstatement. The framework is applied to the harmonization of Mexican bank financial reporting during the country's economic transition of the late 1990s. The Mexican harmonization process during this period generally followed the framework.     

Promoting Stewardship Behavior in Organizations: A Leadership Model

This article explores the relational and motivational leadership behaviors that may promote stewardship in organizations. I conceptualize stewardship as an outcome of leadership behaviors that promote a sense of personal responsibility in followers for the long-term wellbeing of the organization and society. Building upon the themes presented in the stewardship literature, such as identification and intrinsic motivation, and drawing from other research streams to include factors such as interpersonal and institutional trust and moral courage, I posit that leaders foster stewardship in their followers through various relational, motivational, and contextually supportive leadership behaviors.     

A Canadian cost-effectiveness analysis of transcatheter mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system in high surgical risk patients with significant mitral regurgitation

Objective:

In patients with significant mitral regurgitation (MR) at high risk of mortality and morbidity from mitral valve surgery, transcatheter mitral valve repair with the MitraClip System is associated with a reduction in MR and improved quality-of-life and functional status compared with baseline. The objective was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of MitraClip therapy compared with standard of care in patients with significant MR at high risk for mitral valve surgery from a Canadian payer perspective.

Methods:

A decision analytic model was developed to estimate the lifetime costs, life years, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost per life year and QALY gained for patients receiving MitraClip therapy compared with standard of care. Treatment-specific overall survival, risk of clinical events, quality-of-life, and resource utilization were obtained from the Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair High Risk Study (EVEREST II HRS). Health utility and unit costs (CAD $2013) were taken from the published literature. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of alternative assumptions and parameter uncertainty on results.

Results:

The base case incremental cost per QALY gained was $23,433. Results were most sensitive to alternative assumptions regarding overall survival, time horizon, and risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure (CHF). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed MitraClip therapy to have a 92% chance of being cost-effective compared with standard of care at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000 per QALY gained.

Study limitations:

Key limitations include the small number of patients included in the EVEREST II HRS which informed the analysis, the limited data available to inform clinical events and disease progression in the concurrent comparator group, and the lack of a comparator group from a randomized control trial.

Conclusion:

MitraClip therapy is likely a cost-effective option for the treatment of patients at high risk for mitral valve surgery with significant MR.     

Attributes Versus Benefits: The Role of Construal Levels and Appeal Type on the Persuasiveness of Marketing Messages

When should marketers emphasize attributes or benefits in their communications? Grounded in construal-level theory, the results of four studies suggest that when a purchase is planned for the distant future or when construal levels are high, benefit-based appeals are more persuasive than attribute-based appeals. By contrast, when a purchase is planned for the near future or when consumers are predisposed to low construal levels, attribute-based appeals are equally as persuasive as benefit-based appeals. However, when low construal levels are temporarily induced using a mind-set manipulation, attribute-based appeals are found to be more persuasive than benefit-based appeals. Moreover, we demonstrate how these effects occur only when processing fluency is uninhibited. This research establishes an important link between these appeal types and construal levels, subsequently demonstrating when marketers should use these appeals.     

Rethinking flow: qualitative insights from Mexican cross-border shopping

The purpose of our study is twofold: (1) to conceptualize the flow construct in the offline retail environment not only as a psychological phenomenon but also as a sociocultural phenomenon by exploring related cultural variables and (2) to adopt a qualitative approach as a means to provide broader coverage of the likely factors associated with flow. We follow a grounded theory approach to formulate a conceptual model about the phenomenon of interest. Data collection includes semistructured in-depth interviews and a focus group. For data interpretation, we applied semiotic and narrative textual analyses. We propose a model of the antecedents leading to flow experience in the offline retail environment, introducing macro (sociocultural) factors and advancing micro (psychological) factors. Key elements of flow require a more refined definition in the offline retail environment. Several macro (cultural) attributes that influence Mexican shoppers' propensity to experience flow while either just browsing or fulfilling their shopping goals were identified. Retailers' efforts should be directed to providing opportunities for flow experience by articulating the right communication strategies. Qualitative methods uncovered a unique perspective exploring sociocultural characteristics and redefining individual characteristics of the offline retail shopping experience.     

The division of housework: Choice and exchange

The theory, a social exchange theory of the division of housework, proposes that consumers, in their home production roles, determine the amount of effort that they will spend in housework based on the profit that they anticipate from housework activities. Results of the data analysis indicate that husbands and wives do take into account certain costs and rewards when making individual choices on the amount of effort to be spent in such activities. Indirect costs (time pressures) was the best predictor of the amount of effort spent in housework for both husbands and wives. Implications for marketing and public policy are discussed.

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Die Verteilung der häuslichen Arbeit: Auswahl und Austausch

Zusammenfassung Das Hauptanliegen der Studie, über die der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet, ist die Erklärung der Aufteilung der Hausarbeit zwischen Mann und Frau als einem wichtigen Aspekt der Haushaltsstruktur. Unter Forschungsgesichtspunkten wird die Aufteilung der Hausarbeit unter dem Paradigma des sozialen Austausches analysiert. Deshalb stützt sich die Untersuchung stark auf die Konzepte von Auswahl und Austausch.Nach der Theorie des sozialen Austausches werden die Haushaltsteilnehmer das Ausmaß an Anstrengung, das sie in die Hausarbeit stecken, an der Größe des vermutlichen Vorteils ausrichten, den sie aus den haushälterischen Aktivitäten ziehen. Um diese Theorie zu testen, wurden Daten einer landesweiten US-amerikanischen Stichprobe multiplen Regressions- und Kovarianz-Analysen unterzogen.Die Ergebnisse bieten einige Unterstützung für die Theorie. Die Ehepartner richten sich nach bestimmten Kosten und Erträgen, wenn sie ihre individuelle Beteiligung an dem Aufwand für die Haushaltsarbeit planen. Indirekte Kosten, vor allem Zeitdruck, ergab sich als bester Prädiktor für das Ausmaß an Beteiligung an der Hausarbeit, und zwar für beide Ehepartner.Unter Marketinggesichtspunkten haben diese Beobachtungen Rückwirkungen auf die Untersuchung des Konsumentenverhaltens und auf das Aufspüren von Marktchancen. Bisherige Theorien des Konsumentenverhaltens nehmen an, daß das subjektive Wohlbefinden des Konsumenten ausschließlich eine Funktion der gewählten Marken oder Produktvarianten sei. Diese Theorien übersehen, daß es eigentlich ein haushaltsinterner Produktionsprozeß ist, der letztlich ein bestimmtes Maß von Konsumentenzufriedenheit bewirkt. Marketingüberlegungen sollten sich stärker mit den hierin liegenden Marktchancen beschäftigen.Schließlich diskutiert der Beitrag zweierlei gesellschaftliche Implikationen der Befunde. Zum einen könnte eine stärkere öffentliche Bereitstellung oder Unterstützung von Kindertagesstätten die Möglichkeiten der Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt verbessern. Stärkere Beteiligung der Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt ohne die längeren Unterbrechungen, die häufig mit der Kinderfürsorge verbunden sind, könnte wiederum zu einer Reduktion ihrer Beteiligung an der häuslichen Arbeit führen. Zum zweiten könnte das öffentliche Schulsystem eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Hausarbeit fördern, vor allem durch eine allgemeinere Unterweisung in hauswirtschaftlichen Fertigkeiten und durch die Förderung solcher gesellschaftlicher Leitvorstellungen, die die herkömmliche geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsaufteilung im Haushalt überwinden.

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Sigfredo A. Hernandez is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Rider College, Lawrenceville Rd, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.