Demography and welfare economics

The focusing on demographic issues as an important part of welfare-economic assessment shifts the evaluative space in the direction of public discussion and social concern. A commoditycentred view of individual success and social welfare is often used in economics. But the linkage between our economic wealth and our ability to live as we would like has strong limits. This is partly because of interpersonal variations between individuals, but also because of variations in public and social arrangements (for example, for public health care, education and social security). The use of demographic perspectives can enrich economic analysis in several ways. In particular a demographically oriented system of evaluation can not only focus on variables that we all value, but it also gives us the freedom to decide what weights would be most appropriate for the exercise in which we might be engaged. The problem of valuation in welfare economics is ultimately a social-choice issue, requiring the use of explicit judgments on which the society can achieve some consensus through political processes.Lecture presented to the annual meeting of the Austrian Economic Association in Vienna, 24 May 1994. The author is grateful for support from the National Science Foundation for the research on which this paper draws.     

POVERTY IN RURAL INDIA: CASTE AND TRIBE

This paper analyzes the determinants of rural poverty in India, contrasting the situation of scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) households with the non-scheduled population. The incidence of poverty in SC and ST households is much higher than among non-scheduled households. By combining regression estimates for the ratio of per capita expenditure to the poverty line and an Oaxaca-type decomposition analysis, we study how these differences in the incidence of poverty arise. We find that for SC households, differences in characteristics explain the gaps in poverty incidence more than differences in transformed regression coefficients. In contrast, for ST households, differences in the transformed regression coefficients play the more important role.     

经济学的性质与哲学视角审视下的经济学-一个基于经济思想史的理论回顾与展望

基于对经济思想史上一些相关文献的理论回顾,本文认为,在中国经济与中国经济学理论互动演变的当下格局中,是对经济学的性质、意义、任务以及它到底是一门什么样的学问这样一些元经济学问题进行理论反思和讨论的时候了。第二小节的文献追溯发现,在经济学说史上,伴随着由"政治经济学"向"经济学"的转变,经济学家们对经济学的本质和任务的理解也发生了很大变化。第三小节讨论了经济学能否成为一门价值中立的科学问题。研究发现,任何经济学派的理论观点都会潜含着某些价值判断和伦理原则在其中,经济学家作为一个"学术人"所面临的问题,首先是如何透过自己的文化信念和价值观,去发现人类社会中的某些"自然秩序"。第四小节讨论了经济学能否成为像物理学、化学等自然科学那样一种高度形式化的"精密科学"这一问题,并对目前主流经济学中流行的唯科学主义的研究偏向做了一些反思性的评论。本文最后所得出的结论是:为了中国的理论经济学在未来的健康成长,应该鼓励不同经济学流派和研究路径之间的竞争、对话和多元化发展。     

从二元财政到一元财政--国有资本财政向公共财政的转变

国有资本财政是我国目前财政体系的重要组成部分，因其作为财政范畴所包含的内在矛盾。必然处于动态变化过程中。随着国有企业改革的逐步深入，国有资本的公共属性将日益明显。国有资本财政最终将被公共财政所同化。     

临泽沙漠公园旅游规划构想与项目创意

临泽沙漠公园位于河西走廊沙地中段,利用独特的风沙地貌景观等旅游资源,将其建设成为旅游、商贸、餐饮,娱乐于一体的大型现代化的游乐中心。在规划思路的指导下,将公园规划为:大漠风光旅游区、沙漠植物区、儿童乐园、科技博览区、体育竞技区、垂钓中心、生态农业示范区、中心花园8个景区和度假村、餐饮贸易娱乐区2个服务区,设计了若干景点和旅游活动项目,并对沙漠公园的防护林、风景林和道路绿化、景点绿化做出了规划。     

An invariance principle for progressively truncated likelihood ratio statistics

Summary In the context of time-sequential tests based on likelihood ratio statistics, weak convergence (in the Skorokhod as well as the sup-norm metric) of progressively truncated likelihood ratio statistics (to appropriate Wiener processes) is established through the construction of a continuous time-parameter martingale process. The case of local (contiguous) alternative hypotheses is also treated. The results are extended to the multiparameter case as well.Work partially supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, U.S.A.F., A.F.S.C., Grant No. 74-2736 and partially by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Contract NIHNHLBI-71-2243 from the National Institutes of Health.     

高校教师激励的迟延效应及研究

激励是高校调动教师积极性和创造性的一个强有力的手段，进行激励应当适时，迟延激励会带来负的效应。本通过构建迟延激励的博弈模型和运用经济学中的边际分析方法，阐述了迟延激励的危害，揭示了高校激励的迟延效应产生的原因，并在此基础上，提出了高校教师激励迟延效应的防范措施。     

A further note on the asymptotic efficiency of friedman’s x r 2 -test

Summary For independently distributed error components, the asymptotic relative efficiency (A.R.E.) ofFriedman’sx _r ² -tests with respect to the classical analysis of variance test has been studied byElteren andNoether andSen [1967]. The present note extends these results to the case of correlated errors arising in some random-effects or mixed-effects models. Work supported by the U.S. Army Research Office, Durham, Grant DA-ARO-D-31-124-G 746.