外国石油公司动态

生产经营 俄罗斯天然气公司计划增加天然气产量 俄罗斯天然气股份有限公司(Gazprom)计划2002年投资484亿卢布(15.8亿美元)将天然气产量从2001年的5120亿立方米增加到5200亿立方米.公司还计划投资6700万卢布以发展天然气运输系统,另有1500万卢布将用于现代化建设.2002年该公司的两个主要经营目标是履行长期出口合同,以及补充公司的后备储量.     

Endogenous Specialisation and Endogenous Principal-agent Relationship

The paper develops a general equilibrium model with endogenous principal-agent relationship within a framework of consumer-producer, economies of specialisation, and transaction costs. It is shown that if transaction efficiency is low, then autarky is chosen as the general equilibrium where no market and principal-agent relationship exists. As transaction efficiency is improved, the equilibrium level of division of labour increases, comparative advantage between ex ante identical individuals emerges from the division of labour, and the number of principal-agent relationships increases. The following features of the model distinguish it from other principal-agent models in the literature. The principal-agent relationships are not only endogenous, but also reciprocal between different specialists. In a general equilibrium environment, choice between pure pricing and contingent pricing is endogenised. In the paper, the implications of endogenous transaction costs caused by moral hazard for the equilibrium extent of the market and related degrees of market integration, production concentration, trade dependence, diversity of economic structure, and productivity are explored. The model predicts two interesting phenomena: a man might work harder for the market with moral hazard than working for himself in the absence of moral hazard; a market with moral hazard might be Pareto superior to autarky with no moral hazard.     

A NEW THEORY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY AND EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE FROM DOMESTIC TRADE

Abstract. In the paper a fixed learning cost is introduced into a framework with consumer-producers and transaction costs. The fixed learning cost yields a rate of return on the investment in individual specific learning and training which is increasing in its rate of utilization. Division of labor can avoid duplicated learning costs and generate economies of specialized learning. The tradeoff between economies of specialization and transaction costs can be used to explain concurrent increases in the extent of the market, aggregate demand, productivity, trade dependence, the degree of market integration, the degree of production concentration, diversity of economic structure, variety of different professions, each person's level of specialization, and the extent of endogenous comparative advantage and the emergence of international trade from domestic trade. This model explains demand and supply as two sides of the level of division of labor which is determined by a transaction cost coefficient. Hence, the demand law may not hold even for normal goods owing to complicated interdependencies between the level of specialization and demand and between the level of specialization and prices of traded goods. The extended version of this model with the CES function is used to endogenize variety of consumption in addition to the endogenization of individuals'level of specialization.     

GAINS TO BIDDER FIRMS IN CASH AND SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS

This paper presents empirical test results of alternative hypotheses regarding differences in returns to shareholders of bidding firms that choose different payment methods (cash or securities). The evidence is consistent with the payment method signaling hypothesis, which asserts that when management of the bidding firm believes its own stock to be overvalued (undervalued), securities (cash) will be the preferred payment method. The results are not consistent with either the overpayment hypothesis or the present value/hubris hypothesis. The findings also explain the conflicting results reported in prior work on gains to bidding firms.     

Using a balanced scorecard to improve the performance of an emergency department

The performance of the emergency department significantly improved after implementing the balanced scorecard including hours of continuing education attended by the staff, staff job satisfaction, the rate of incomplete laboratory tests within 30 minutes, the average monthly inappropriate return rate, and hospital profit. The results can assist administrators plan for the future. Although this was a pilot program for implementing a balanced scorecard in an emergency department, the indicators used in this study may also be reasonable for a hospital that has limited resources.     

论我国合同法确立情事变更原则的必要性

情事变更原则,有其独特的内容和功用,有其独立的适用条件和特有的法律效力,并已在我国司法实践中形成"固定见解".且明文规定情事变更原则,是当今世界立法的趋势,我国合同法理应明文规定.     

金融中心评价指标体系研究

本文在综述国内外关于金融中心评价指标体系的基础上，分析了影响金融中心形成和运行的因素，依据国际金融中心的形成和运行具有较高相关度的原则，构建了包括经济环境、金融市场、金融机构和金融制度四方面内容的评价指标体系，利用2004年东京、新加坡、香港、北京、上海、广州和深圳七个城市的数据，依据层次聚类分析方法对这些城市所处的层次进行定位：北京、广州和深圳成为一类，为金融中心的初级阶段；上海成为第二类，为国内金融中心阶段；香港和新加坡成为一类，是区域国际金融中心；东京处于最高阶段．是真正的国际金融中心。最后对这些城市的发展前景进行了预测。     

Stickiness of Rental Rates and Developers’ Option Exercise Strategies

In this study we incorporate sticky rents into a real options model to rationalize the widely documented overbuilding puzzle in real estate markets. Given the assumption that developers’ objective function is to maximize total revenue by selecting an optimal occupancy level, our model provides a better explanation of the phenomena we observed in the real world than the traditional market-clearance based real options models. We also show that developers’ exercise strategies can be affected by the size and the type of property markets. In other words, developers’ exercise strategies could differ among markets and under different conditions. Submitted to Cambridge—Maastricht 2005 Symposium.     

中国油气管道发展现状及前景展望

到2006年底，中国长输油气管道总长度已超过5万千米，其中天然气管道约5万千米，原油管道约1．5万千米，成品油管道约0．56万千米，形成了初具规模的跨区域油气管网。2006年，中国多条天然气干线联络管道相继建成，冀宁联络管道连结陕京二线和西气东输，淮武联络管道连接西气东输和忠武线，提高了中国天然气供应系统的安全可靠性。此外，区域性输气管道建设方兴未艾，广东LNG管道工程正式投产运行，西部管道以及珠三角成品油管道等多条成品油干线管道陆续建成。目前，中国已形成多个油气区域管网，其中包括川渝、华北及长三角地区比较完善的区域性天然气管网，中南、珠三角地区的区域性天然气管网主体框架，以及东北、西北和华北的区域性原油管网。近几年，中国的钢铁冶炼和制管水平大幅度提升，X70等高钢级管线钢得到了大规模应用，X100管线钢的研制开发获得成功，陆上管道施工的部分技术已达到国际一流水平。“十一五”期间，中国油气管道工业将继续得到长足的发展。     

基于数据挖掘的企业设备管理研究

针对现有的企业设备管理信息系统,提出引入数据挖掘技术,挖掘有用的知识、模式,辅助设备管理、决策。同时,介绍了数据仓库的建立,设计了基于数据挖掘的系统体系结构,使之提高设备管理水平,促进企业信息化进程。