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211.
This article examines two decades of experience enforcing a federal employer sanctions law on farm labor contractors (FLCs) who knowingly hire illegal aliens. Enforcement experience indicates that employer sanctions laws have had little effect on the number of illegal aliens hired by FLCs; indeed, FLC activity has expanded and the proportion of illegal alien workers hired appears to have increased. 相似文献
212.
MARTIN F. J. PRACHOWNY 《The Economic record》1986,62(4):442-450
Managed exchange rates have become a tool of macroeconomic stabilization policy. Much of the previous emphasis on parametrically chosen exchange rate regimes has missed the advantages of a strategy of a variable target exchange rate when the central bank tries to maintain equilibrium output in the face of various shocks to the economy. Based on a standard IS-LM-AS macromodel, optimal combinations of exchange rate and money supply changes are found that insulate the economy against all stipulated shocks. However, these combinations vary from one shock to another; therefore recognition signals are necessary. Continuous information on some variables allows the central bank to identify shocks if they can be guaranteed to occur individually, but not otherwise. As a second-best strategy, ‘defensively managed exchange rates’ appear suitable. The paper also discusses some side effects and other practical difficulties of a managed exchange rate as an automatic stabilizer. 相似文献
213.
If exchange rates and prices are integrated processes, standard econometric tests of the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis may be biased towards rejection. This paper avoids this problem by using the Engle and Granger (1987) theory of cointegrated processes. If the absolute version of purchasing power parity is true, and nominal exchange rates and prices are integrated processes, inter-commodity arbitrage should ensure that the real exchange rate is stationary. The stationarity hypothesis is tested using Australian real exchange rate data for the 1890–1984 period We find that the effective real exchange rate cannot be modelled as a stationary process and therefore reject the absolute version of PPP. We also employ a test for structural breaks due to, for instance, the oil price shock and find mixed results. Another interpretation of our results is that the real exchange rate was affected by a series of permanent, real shocks during the sample period 相似文献
214.
215.
Empirical studies of the modern theories of bond pricing typically choose proxies for the state variables in a rather arbitrary fashion. This paper empirically analyzes the question of the optimal spot rates to use as state variables. Our findings indicate that the four-year spot rate serves as the best proxy in the one-state-variable model. In the case of the two-state-variables model, the six-year rate and eight-month rate are identified as best. Tests of the out-of-sample prediction ability indicate that our model is superior to Macaulay's duration model and alternative proxies for state variables. 相似文献
216.
Arbitraging Arbitrageurs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper develops a theory of strategic trading in markets with large arbitrageurs. If arbitrageurs are not well capitalized, capital constraints make their trades predictable. Other market participants can exploit this by trading against them. Competitors may find it optimal to lend to arbitrageurs that are financially fragile; additional capital makes the arbitrageurs more viable, and lenders can reap profits from trading against them for a longer time. The strategic behavior of these market participants has implications for the functioning of financial markets. Strategic trading may produce significant price distortions, increase price manipulation, and trigger forced liquidations of large traders. 相似文献
217.
Since Sandmo (1981) , many articles have analyzed optimal fiscal policies in economies with tax evasion. All share a feature: they assume that the cost of enforcing the tax law is exogenous. However, governments often invest resources to reduce these enforcement costs. In a very simple model, we incorporate such investments in the analysis of an optimal fiscal policy. We characterize their optimal level and we show numerically how they interact with the other dimensions of the optimal fiscal policy. Finally, we highlight the differences between our results and those obtained in a model without investment in the tax administration. 相似文献
218.
219.
The concept of strategic occupations is used to explain individualistic bargaining power during the nonunion era of the U.S. steel industry. It is hypothesized that integrative technical change homogenized the wage structure, but job categories associated with strategic work resisted this pattern. The results show that the degree of wage homogenization corresponded to the degree of technical diffusion in given steel industry departments. Moreover, strategic job categories did resist the pattern of wage homogenization. 相似文献
220.
In principle, the set of attainable payoff vectors is reduced if assets cannot be sold short. However, we show that the original space of payoff vectors is spanned despite short sale restrictions if there is one additional asset whose payoff is a positively weighted sum of the payoffs of the original assets. For example, this condition is automatically fulfilled if the original assets are stocks and the additional asset is an index future consisting of these stocks. 相似文献