Gender and age distribution of motorcycle crashes in Spain

This study analysed motorcycle crashes in Spain. Ninety-nine thousand three hundred and four motorcycle crash reports filed in the years 2006–2011 were extracted from the Directorate General of Traffic database of crashes with victims. These data were analysed in terms of gender, age groups, trip purpose, type of crash, speed violation, day of the week, harm caused, use of helmet and psychophysical conditions of the driver to study the characteristics of motorcycle crashes in Spain and to assess the differences between male and female motorcycle drivers in these crashes. Significant differences were found in all the variables considered in the study, which implies gender differences in the profile of the injured motorcycle driver. The severity of motorcycle crashes suffered by male drivers is higher than that of women. These results corroborate the need to develop measures differentiated by gender, based on their profile.     

Credit card cash‐out as informal financing: Evidence from China

Using a proprietary account‐level database from a commercial bank in China, we document that credit card holders can ease their credit constraints through the practice of cash‐out based on bogus transactions using credit cards. We find that such behaviour might be beneficial to both cardholders and banks. First, we find that a 1% increase in the cumulative number of credit card cash‐out transactions lowers the probability of default by 9.59%. Second, for private businesses, a 1% increase in the number of abnormal cash‐out transactions lowers overdue risk by 13.45%. Third, by lowering the overdue risk, the card‐issuing bank earns a larger profit. Our results are consistent with the notion that unconventional credit card cash‐out can mitigate the extent of capital misallocation in emerging markets.     

打开奖励的“薛定谔黑箱”:认知学派与行为学派的理论分野与整合

对经典激励理论的拉卡托斯批判揭示,在奖励与其行为结果之间横亘着一个社会心理"黑箱"。以Deci为代表的认知学派与以Eisenberger为代表的行为学派对奖励效果的论争长达二十多年。观点的对立不仅阻滞了理论的发展,也导致了实践者的无所适从。本文整合演化心理学和神经经济学观点,在厘清二者理论分野的基础上,从奖励的双重性和双路径动机性信息加工过程出发,引入角色知觉与认知框架,构建了一个整合的多路径模型,力图演绎和还原两种理论的冲突过程,并为整合和深化两种理论、提高奖励效果提出一系列假说。     

浅析跨文化培训中员工文化智力的重要性

行之有效的跨文化培训,将有助于企业在国际化环境下应对各种因文化差异而产生的经营风险。关于跨文化培训的相关结论和对策众多,但大多过于宏观,并未过多关注被培训员工个体层面的具体对策。针对这一情况,近年来兴起的文化智力的相关研究能够很好的解决上述问题。本文将从文化智力的视角,浅析企业在进行跨文化培训时员工文化智力培训的作用及其重要性。     

The Impact of Farmland Transfers on Agricultural Investment in China: A Perspective of Transaction Cost Economics

There is growing concern that farmland transfers lead to less agricultural investment, which may adversely affect agricultural productivity growth in China. Prior research has primarily focused on the differences between owned cultivated land and rented plots, but little is known about how farmland transfers between relatives, which are popular in rural China, specifically affect agricultural investment. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework of transaction cost economics to compare different contracting strategies in China's farmland rental markets. As farmland rental markets in China are immature, land transfer between relatives establishes bilateral governance, which has the advantage of addressing the opportunistic activities of both parties and can ultimately increase investment by tenants. Based on data from two waves of household surveys, we empirically examine the impact of bilateral governance on the application of organic fertilizer, an indicator for agricultural investment. Our findings show that apart from economic factors, kinship is important to the functioning of farmland rental markets in rural areas.     

执政条件下苏共政党改革的历史考察及其当代启示

政党改革是政党发展的必然趋势，苏共在70余年的执政过程中立足自身所处环境和角色的变化，曾进行过三次重要的政党改革。但是由于思想上的僵化教条，其改革的动力始终不足，方法论上的形而上学则导致改革的取向偏离，加之制度设计上的缺陷导致改革执行层面的扭曲。苏共政党改革的历史启示在于，必须高度重视政党改革，为此要不断提高政党改革的科学化水平，并以制度建设来保障改革的有序进行。     

塔里木油田哈得区块标准井及标准井标准工艺流程的构建

为缩短钻井周期、节约钻井成本,塔北项目部率先提出了以标准井及标准工艺流程为经度,以标准化设计、标准化安全管理、标准化工期及费用、标准化质量控制及考核机制为纬度的"五标"管理理念,而标准井及标准工艺流程为构建"五标"管理理念的关键。根据对哈得区块已完钻的直井、水平井、侧钻井、定向井的统计分析,并结合实际生产开发情况,确定了以直井和水平井作为哈得区块标准井的井型;根据标准井产层的各项地层参数,确定了相应标准井的钻头尺寸组合、钻进深度、套管规格、套管下深、泥浆体系、测井等参数,从而构建了哈得区块直井和水平井2种井型的标准井;同时依据各标准井构建了相应标准井的标准工艺流程。通过塔北项目部的生产实践表明,标准井及标准井的标准工艺流程的构建大大有助于提高油田的经济效益和管理效率。     

Corruption,Financial Resources and Exports

This paper argues that a country's comparative advantage in exports depends on both the factor abundance and the allocation efficiency of the endowments. However, the latter is not considered in the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin model. In line with the “sand” view of corruption, this paper empirically studies the role of corruption in shaping a country's export pattern by distorting the allocation of financial resources. We find that the resource misallocation resulting from corruption undermines the export growth promoted by the positive external financial shock. The negative effects are realized by the extensive margins instead of the intensive margins of heterogeneous firms.     

知识重叠、知识库特性与创新绩效

以往研究着重探讨重叠/非重叠知识在技术并购中的创新效应，然而在测度知识重叠时仅关注到数量属性而忽略了质量评估。因此，构建一个新的理论框架，利用国家知识产权局2008-2018年专利授权数据，分析217家中国机械制造企业352次国内技术并购案例，探索知识库中重叠、非重叠知识数量和质量属性对并购后创新绩效的影响。结果表明，高质量重叠知识对并购后的企业创新绩效具有正向影响，而高质量非重叠知识则有负向影响。同时，探讨知识数量对并购后创新绩效的影响。研究结果强调了知识重叠对企业获取外部知识的重要性，对企业技术并购实践具有借鉴作用。     

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS: WHY IS THE INCOME SHARE OF TOP INCOME EARNERS ACYCLICAL OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE?

In the United States, the income share of the top 5% income group is acyclical over the business cycle. This study attempts to explain the cyclical behavior of the income distribution over the business cycle, particularly focusing on the top 5% income earners' share, using a heterogeneous agent model featuring a choice to become an entrepreneur. The model economy successfully reproduces the acyclical behavior of the income share of the top 5%. During expansions, relatively more people become entrepreneurs at the top, which offsets the decline in the income share of the high‐income earners from workers' side.