Economic Guidelines for Land and Water Resource use in Agriculture*

This paper presents conceptual and some empirical information concerning natural resource use and demand for natural resources in Canada. The framework for land and water use establishes the predominance of a varying array of factors in decisions on land as compared with water use. In both cases, however, a need is seen for new efforts in studying recreational demands for natural resources and for further study and efforts devoted to preserving and improving the natural environment. LIGNES ÉCONOMIQUES DIRECTRICES SUR L'EMPLOI DES TERRES ET DE L'EAU EN AGRICULTURE–Ce mémoire présente des renseignements conceptuels et parfois empiriques sur l'utilisation et la demande des ressources naturelles au Canada. La structure pour l'emploi dés terres et de l'eau établit la prédominance d'une gamme variée de facteurs dans les décisions concernant l'utilisation des terres par rapport à l'emploi de l'eau. Dans les deux cas, toutefois, on prévoit un besoin de nouveaux efforts vers létude des demandes récréative en ressources naturelles et d'etudes et d'efforts plus approfondis consacrés à la préservation et l'amélioration de Vambiance naturelle.     

Book Reviews

Jonathan R. Pincus (1996), Class, Power and Agrarian Change: Land and Labour in Rural West Java, Studies on the Economics of East and Southeast Asia, Macmillan, Hampshire, pp. xii + 248.

Pierre van der Eng (1996), Agricultural Growth in Indonesia' Productivity Change and Policy Impact since 1880, Macmillan and St Martin's Press, London and New York, pp. xii + 375. £50.00

Mari E. Pangestu and Yuri Sato (eds) (1997), Waves of Change in Indonesia's Manufacturing Industry, Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo, pp xiv + 225.

Peter van Diermen (1997), Small Business in Indonesia, Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. xvn + 234. Cloth: £37.50

Jonathan Rigg (1997), Southeast Asia: The Human Landscape of Modernization and Development, Routledge, London, pp. xxv + 326.

HaI Hill, Indonesia's Industrial Transformation, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, and Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp xix + 403.     

The gender gap in early-career wage growth

In the UK the gender pay gap on entry to the labour market is approximately zero but ten years after labour market entry, there is a gender wage gap of almost 25 log points. This article explores the reason for this gender gap in early-career wage growth, considering three main hypotheses – human capital, job-shopping and 'psychological' theories. Human capital factors can explain about 11 log points, job-shopping about 1.5 log points and the psychological theories up to 4.5 log points depending on the specification. But a substantial unexplained gap remains: women who have continuous full-time employment, have had no children and express no desire to have them earn about 8 log points less than equivalent men after 10 years in the labour market.     

Book Reviews

Yoshihara Kunio, The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Pang Eng Fong (Ed.), Labour Market Developments and Structural Change: The Experience of Asean and Australia, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1988, pp. 296 + xvii, index.

Michael T. Skully and George J. Viksnins, Financing East Asia's Success: Comparative Financial Development in Eight Asian Countries, Hong Kong: Macmillan, 1987, pp. 242 + xiii. cloth: $82.95.

Felix Schmidt Der Beitrag des Staedtischen Informellen Sektors zur Sozialoekonomischen Entwicklung Indonesiens. Dargestellt am Beispiel der Stadt Bandung [The Contribution of the Urban Informal Sector to Socio-economic Development in Indonesia: The Case of the City of Bandung], Schriften zu Regional - und Verkehrsproblemen in Industrie Bandung], Schriften zu Regional - und Entwicklungslaendem, Bd 45, Berlin: Duncker and Humbolt, 1988, pp. 295 + xix. DM 68,-.

Jennifer Alexander, Trade, Traders and Trading in Rural Java, Singapore: Oxford University Press/ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series, 1987.

Colin MacAndrews, Land Policy in Modern Indonesia, Boston: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain/The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1986, pp. 119 + viii.

Wolf Donner, Land Use and Environment in Indonesia, London: C. Hurst and Company, 1987, pp. 368 + xix.

Robert Repetto, The Forest for the Trees? Government Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources, Washington: World Resources Institute, pp. 105 + viii. Cloth: $US 10.00.

Sjahrir, Kebijaksanaan Negara - Konsistensi dan Implementasi [Public Policy - Consistency and Implementation], Jakarta: LP3ES, 1987, pp. 230 + viii.

Mubyarto, Ekonomi Pancasila: Gagasan dan Kemungkinan [The Pancasila Economy: Concept and Possibilities], Jakarta: LP3ES, 1987, pp. 238 + ix.

M. Dawam Rahardjo, Perekonomian Indonesia: Pertumbuhan dan Krisis [The Indonesian Economy: Growth and Crisis], Jakarta: LP3ES, pp. 299 + xviii.

Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1460–1680. Volume One: The Lands Below The Winds, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988, pp. 275 + xvii.

E.E. van Delden, Klein Repertorium: Index op Tijdschriften met Betrekking tot Voormalig Nederlands-lndie. Deel 1: Tijdschrift voor het Binnenlandsch Bestuur 1887–1900, Amsterdam: Koninlijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 1986, pp. 79.     

Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis

Normative theory and methods have become increasingly important in outdoor recreation research and management as an approach to formulating standards of quality in parks and related areas. An important issue associated with this research is the level of agreement or consensus about social norms called crystallization. A new measure, Van der Eijk's measure of agreement (A), is proposed and applied in this study. A test of the effect of potential independent variables on crystallization is also applied using a comparative analysis conducted across a number of studies administered in U.S. national parks. Study findings indicate a generally high level of crystallization regarding normative standards of quality and show several independent variables that influence crystallization, though the effects are generally small.     

Research to Estimate and Manage Carrying Capacity of a Tourist Attraction: A Study of Alcatraz Island

Carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks, outdoor recreation and tourism. Contemporary carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of indicators and standards of quality to define and manage carrying capacity. This paper describes a programme of research to support estimation and management of carrying capacity of Alcatraz Island, an historic site within Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California, USA, and a heavily visited tourist attraction. Research included: (1) a survey of visitors to Alcatraz Island to identify indicators and standards of quality for the visitor experience; and (2) development of a computer simulation model of visitor use to estimate maximum daily use levels without violating standards of quality. Study findings are used to estimate a range of carrying capacities for the prison cellhouse and for the island as a whole.     

Improving clinical communication through structured conversation

Communication failure plays an important role in causing medical errors. Clinical communication is highly complex and prone to error especially during transitions of patient care and emergent situations. Standardized approaches and tools may provide potential solutions to improve the quality of communication and prevent subsequent patient harm. The National Patient Safety Foundation, through its Stand Up for Patient Safety Program, is committed to assisting organizations improve clinical communication.