The Effect of the Elimination of Federal Milk Marketing Orders on Farm-level Markets: A Laboratory Experiment

Experimental markets are used to simulate U.S. dairy market conditions and the effect of the elimination of Federal Milk Marketing Orders. The experimental task is a simple 2x2 matrix laboratory game that is computer assisted. The treatments are oligopsony and regulation. Perishability is represented by advance production decision with no carryover and is kept constant across the experiments. Sellers make production decisions and receive a pool price, while buyers make a price (bid) and quantity decision. Experimental results indicate that, in the absence of regulation, buyers are successful in reducing market price and in capturing a larger share of market surplus than a perfectly competitive solution predicts. Regulation reduced the market power of buyers and the price fluctuation of raw milk, in an oligopsonistic market, and does not reduce the overall price efficiency of the market. L'auteur s'est servi de marchés expérimentaux pour simuler la situation sur le marché américain des produits laitiers et les répercussions de l'abolition des Federal Milk Marketing Orders (décrets fédéraux de commercialisation du lait). L'expérience consistait en un simple jeu de laboratoire à matrice 2x2 assisté par ordinateur. Les deux situations examinées étaient l'oligopsone et la régiementation. L'aspect périssable des denrées est representé par une décision de production avant prix sans possibilité d'entre pasage, et est constante dans toutes les expériences. Les vendeurs prenaient des décisions à l'égard de la production et recevaient un prix commun, tandis que les décisions des acheteurs se rapportaient au prix (offre) et à la quantité. Les résultats de l'expérience indiquent qu'en l'absence de réglementation, les acheteurs réussissent a diminuer le prix de marché et à capturer une part du surplus économique plus importante que celle prévue dans une situation de concurrence idéale. La réglementation affaiblit le pouvoir de marché des acheteurs et atténue la fluctuation des prix du lait cru sur un marché oligopsone sans pour autant réduire l'efficacité du marché, dans l'ensemble.     

Imperfect asset substitutability and monetary policy under fixed exchange rates

This paper presents a long-run model of the open economy in a world of fixed exchange rates and imperfect substitutability between bonds denominated in different currencies. The model explicitly accounts for the wealth flow accompanying current-account imbalance and for the flow of interest payments associated with international lending. Both the dynamic and steady-state implications of the model are quite different from those of models that specify the capital account as a continuing flow responding to the level of interest rates. In particular, we find that when there exists outside government debt, open-market policy is not in general neutral in the long run. We also find conditions under which the central bank is able to hold the domestic price level constant in the face of an inflationary disturbance from abroad without exhausting, in the long run, its stock of domestic assets.     

Redistribution with Unobservable Bequests: A Case for Taxing Capital Income

This paper addresses the question of the optimal taxation of labour and interest income in an overlapping generations model with two unobservable characteristics, ability and inheritance. We assume realistically that saving can only be taxed anonymously, whereas the tax on labour earnings can be individualized and made non-linear. In such a setting, we show that a withholding tax on interest income along with a non-linear tax on labour income is desirable. The role of interest income taxation is to indirectly tax inherited wealth.
JEL Classification D 63, H 2     

Supply Adjustments to Demand Shocks in the Commercial Real Estate Market

This paper contributes a theoretical investigation of real estate supply adjustments in the commercial real estate market. Simple theoretical linkages between the goods market (the demand side) and the space market (the supply side) are developed and then used to explain the optimal supply decisions of space producers. Propositions relating to how space production decisions are made under conditions of demand certainty, demand uncertainty and free entry are derived from optimization models. Under demand certainty, the adjustment of space supply is shown to be affected by whether an exogenous shock is perceived as mild or disastrous. Under demand uncertainty, construction based on pent-up demand is shown to be suboptimal.     

Prior health expenditures and risk sharing with insurers competing on quality

Insurers can exploit the heterogeneity within risk-adjustment classes to select the good risks because they have more information than the regulator on the expected expenditures of individual insurees. To counteract this cream skimming, mixed systems combining capitation and cost-based payments have been adopted that do not, however, generally use the past expenditures of insurees as a risk adjuster. In this article, two symmetric insurers compete for clients by differentiating the quality of service offered to them according to some private information about their risk. In our setting it is always welfare improving to use prior expenditures as a risk adjuster.