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991.
Wouter J. Den Haan Steven W. Sumner Guy M. Yamashiro 《The Canadian journal of economics》2009,42(3):1150-1175
Abstract . Following a monetary tightening, bank loans to consumers decrease. This is true for both mortgage and non-mortgage loans, and it is true for a tightening by the Bank of Canada that is, and is not, a response to a tightening by the Federal Reserve System. In contrast, business loans increase following a monetary tightening. The 'perverse' response of business loans cannot be explained by an increase in the demand for funds due to a reduction in real activity. These results are consistent with a change in bank portfolio behaviour in favour of business loans in response to a monetary tightening. 相似文献
992.
Household cigarette demand in Turkey is examined using the zero-inflated negative binomial model to account for a large portion
of households not reporting cigarette smoking or purchase and estimated using the data from the national household survey
implemented in 2003. Data were divided into two main groups: families with and without teenagers. Results identify relevant
household head and household characteristics needed to develop effective public policy to prevent the decision to begin to
smoke and to reduce cigarette purchase to lower the future growth of government healthcare expenditures. Specifically, healthcare
expenditure share, income, and cigarette-price elasticities are relevant in lowering cigarette purchases. The calculated price
elasticities for cigarette demand falls within the range determined by studies conducted for developed countries including
the member states of the European Union. An estimate of the effect of an increase in the excise tax lowering demand is provided. 相似文献
993.
Raymond B. Palmquist Daniel J. Phaneuf V. Kerry Smith 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,46(1):19-41
Leisure activities such as local recreation trips usually take place in discrete blocks of time that are surrounded by time
devoted to other commitments. It can be costly to transfer time between blocks to allow for longer outings. These observations
affect the value of time within those blocks and suggest that traditional methods for valuing time using labor markets miss
important considerations. This paper presents a new model for time valuation that uses non-employment time commitments to
infer the shadow value of time spent in recreation. A unique survey that elicited revealed and stated preference data on household
time allocation is used to implement the model. The results support the conclusion that there is an increasing marginal value
of time for recreation as the trip length increases. 相似文献
994.
In this paper, we test for the stationarity of European Union budget deficits over the period 1971–2006, using a panel of
thirteen member countries. Our testing strategy addresses two key concerns with regard to unit root panel data testing, namely
(1) the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the countries in the panel and (2) the identification of potential structural
breaks that might have occurred at different points in time. To address these concerns, we employ an AR-based bootstrap approach
that allows us to test the null hypothesis of joint stationarity with endogenously determined structural breaks. In contrast
to the existing literature, we find that the EU countries considered are characterised by fiscal stationarity over the full
sample period irrespective of us allowing for structural breaks. This conclusion also holds when analysing sub-periods based
on before and after the Maastricht treaty. 相似文献
995.
Real-world industries are composed from heterogeneous firms and substantial intra-industry reallocations take place, i.e.
high productivity firms squeeze out low productivity firms. Previous tax-tool comparisons have not included these central
forces of industry structure. This paper examines a general equilibrium monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous
firms and intra-industry reallocations. We show that the welfare superiority of ad valorem over unit taxes under imperfect
competition is not only preserved but amplified. The additional difference between the tools arises because unit taxes distort
relative prices, which in turn reduces average industry productivity through reallocations (the survival and increased market
share of lower productivity firms). Importantly, numerical solutions of the model reveal that the relative welfare loss from
using the unit tax increases dramatically in the degree of firm heterogeneity. 相似文献
996.
The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2004 to Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott represents an opportunity to evaluate
their contributions in light of Austrian economics. We lay out the basics of their contributions—the general equilibrium approach
to economic fluctuations and the game theoretic approach to policy—and argue that they have tenets similar to those of Austrianism.
We argue that their methodology parallels Austrian methodology in several significant ways that have gone unnoticed. We conclude
that Kydland and Prescott’s Nobel Prize suggests Austrian approaches can have a more prominent impact than they have had in
the past. 相似文献
997.
Economic Analysis for the UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Synthesis and Scenario Valuation of Changes in Ecosystem Services 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ian J. Bateman Amii R. Harwood David J. Abson Barnaby Andrews Andrew Crowe Steve Dugdale Carlo Fezzi Jo Foden David Hadley Roy Haines-Young Mark Hulme Andreas Kontoleon Paul Munday Unai Pascual James Paterson Grischa Perino Antara Sen Gavin Siriwardena Mette Termansen 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2014,57(2):273-297
We combine natural science modelling and valuation techniques to present economic analyses of a variety of land use change scenarios generated for the UK National Ecosystem Assessment. Specifically, the agricultural, greenhouse gas, recreational and urban greenspace impacts of the envisioned land use changes are valued. Particular attention is given to the incorporation of spatial variation in the natural environment and to addressing issues such as biodiversity impacts where reliable values are not available. Results show that the incorporation of ecosystem services and their values within analyses can substantially change decisions. 相似文献
998.
Viktor J. Vanberg 《Constitutional Political Economy》2014,25(1):18-38
This paper contrasts Buchanan’s contractarian–constitutional liberalism with Hayek’s evolutionary liberalism and Rothbards free-market liberalism as representative branches of the classical liberal tradition. While Hayek and Rothbard focus on individual liberty as private autonomy, Buchanan posits that individual sovereignty should be recognized as the fundamental normative premise of liberalism. He insists that a consistent application of this premise requires liberals to respect individuals as sovereigns not only in their capacity as private law subjects but also at the constitutional level of choice where, as sovereign citizens, they choose, jointly with their fellow citizens, the rules under which they wish to live. It is argued that by supplementing the notion of individual liberty as private autonomy with the concept of individual sovereignty in constitutional matters Buchanan lays the theoretical foundation for complementing the well-developed liberal theory of the market with a consistent liberal theory of democracy. 相似文献
999.
Adolescent smoking is one of the most pressing public health problems. The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of peer pressure on adolescent cigarette consumption. More concretely, we explore the significance and robustness of the peer effects using several estimation methods employed in the existing literature. On the basis of the data provided by the 2004 Spanish survey on drug use in the school population, we estimate the probability of being a smoker by two-stage models. The results reveal that when we use standard errors used in the literature the class peer variable appears to be significant. However, the class peer variable is not significant when we calculate more exigent standard errors, a result that is robust across all specifications. The paper suggests the need for a more cautious interpretation of the peer effects found previously in the literature until a deeper analysis confirms the robustness of the peer effects. 相似文献
1000.
Douglas J. Den Uyl 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2014,27(2):175-182
In this paper, which is concerned with philosophical methodology as it might affect social science and ethics, the endeavor is to explore the depth and implications of Buchanan’s interest in Spinoza. After establishing their connection, the paper explores the parallels between Spinoza’s “dualism” and Buchanan’s own dualism and how that can shed light on Buchanan’s distinction between constitutional and operational modalities. Given their analogous perspectives, the paper then considers the possibility of dimensional shifts in the dualism, such that what was once a constitutional perspective becomes operational and how that ability to shift might affect various research agendas in the social sciences and ethics. Finally, we raise the question of how separate are the two levels and can they be brought together. In a Spinozistic framework, they ultimately would collapse into a monism, but the conclusion here is that for Buchanan there must always be a gap between them. As a result, the effort to resolve the tension between the dimensions may signal future research agendas in ethics and political economy. 相似文献