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111.
Levels of insurance against unemployment vary considerably across countries. Replacement rates, the ratio relating income from unemployment to what people earned when they were employed, are higher in countries with proportional electoral systems than in countries with majoritarian systems. Also, replacement rates are positively correlated with per capita income and negatively correlated with the countries' unemployment rates. I develop an electoral competition model that replicates these stylized facts. 相似文献
112.
Michael Beer Mark D. Cannon James N. Baron Patrick R. Dailey Barry Gerhart Herbert G. Heneman Thomas Kochan Gerald E. Ledford Edwin A. Locke 《人力资源管理》2004,43(1):3-48
Why would managers abandon pay‐for‐performance plans they initiated with great hopes? Why would employees celebrate this decision? This article explores why managers made their decisions in 12 of 13 pay‐for‐performance “experiments” at Hewlett‐Packard in the mid‐1990s. We find that managers thought the costs of these programs to be higher than the benefits. Alternative managerial practices such as effective leadership, clear objectives, coaching, or training were thought a better investment. Despite the undisputed instrumentality of pay‐for‐performance to motivate, little attention has been given to whether the benefits outweigh the costs or the “fit” of these programs with high‐commitment cultures like Hewlett‐Packard was at the time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
113.
This paper investigates the relative importance of scheduled U.S. macroeconomic news releases for stock valuation. The study
focuses on 11 macroeconomic announcements selected on the basis of the previous literature and the Bureau of Labor Statistics
classifications of major economic indicators. The paper shows that five out of the 11 announcements have significant influence
on stock valuation. These are the Employment Report, NAPM (manufacturing), Producer Price Index, Import and Export Price Indices,
and Employment Cost Index. Of these six announcements, the Employment Report and NAPM (manufacturing) exert the greatest influence.
The time of the announcement, measured by days from the beginning of the month to the release day, has a moderating impact
on the relationship between macroeconomic announcements and its importance. 相似文献
114.
This paper explores the sensitivity of the size distribution of family income in Canada to alternative definitions of income. These alternative definitions examine both wealth generally in the form of an annuity equivalent, and home ownership in the form of imputed rent. An adjustment for family size differences is also made. The impact of these adjustments is assessed for average incomes, inequality, and the incidence of low income for different age groups. The adjustments do have significant effects that vary by age; in particular, the economic position of the elderly seems understated by the usual data. Also, methodological considerations, such as the direct use of micro data and the choice of inequality indicator are shown to be significant. 相似文献
115.
Synopsis This paper is the product of a collaboration between a biologist (Ghiselin 1997) who works on the philosophy of classification
and an economist (Landa 1981, 1994) who works on the ‘Economics of Identity’: how and why people classify people based on
identity in the context of a theory of ethnic trading networks. In developing the ‘bioeconomics’ (the synthesis of economics
with biology) of classification, we crossed a number of disciplinary boundaries—anthropology, economics, sociology, biology,
and cognitive psychology including evolutionary psychology’s ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Using a bioeconomics approach,
we argue that folk classifications—the classifications used by ordinary persons—have much in common with scientific classifications:
underlying both is the need for economy of information processing in the brain, for the efficient organization of knowledge,
and for efficiency of information acquisition and transmission of information to others. Both evolve as a result of trial
and error, but in science there is relatively more foresight, understanding, and planning. 相似文献
116.
Summary In this paper we consider a class of time discrete intertemporal optimization models in one dimension. We present a technique to construct intertemporal optimization models with nonconcave objective functions, such that the optimal policy function coincides with any pre-specifiedC
2 function. Our result is a variant of the approach presented in a seminal paper by Boldrin and Montrucchio (1986). Whereas they solved the inverse problem for the reduced form models, we address the different question of how to construct both reduced and primitive form models. Using our technique one can guarantee required qualitative properties not only in reduced, but also in primitive form. The fact that our constructed model has a single valued and continuous optimal policy is very important as, in general, nonconcave problems yield set valued optimal policy correspondences which are typically hard to analyze. To illustrate our constructive approach we apply it to a simple nonconcave model.We are grateful for the helpful comments of L. Montrucchio, K. Nishimura, T. Mitra and an anonymous referee. Financial support of the Austrian Science Foundation under contract No. P7783-PHY and No. J01003-SOZ is gratefully acknowledged. This paper was written while M. Kopel was visiting the Department of Economics, Cornell University. 相似文献
117.
We develop a model of marketing efficiency based on a directional distance function that allows for marketing spillovers. A parametric model is used to test for spillovers from rival marketing and from a firm's marketing activity of its other related products. We then show how this information can be incorporated into a non‐parametric model and used to estimate marketing inefficiency. We apply brand level data from the US brewing industry to the non‐parametric model to determine the effectiveness of television, radio, and print advertising. We find that advertising spillovers are important in brewing and show that efficiency estimates are inaccurate when spillover effects are ignored. Our results also suggest that marketing efficiency may be an important component to firm success in brewing, a result that may apply to other consumer goods industries. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
118.
We consider whether oil prices can account for business cycle asymmetries. We test for asymmetries based on the Markov switching
autoregressive model popularized by Hamilton (1989), using the tests devised by Clements and Krolzig (2000). We find evidence
against the conventional wisdom that recessions are more violent than expansions: while some part of the downturn in economic
activity that characterises recessionary periods can be attributed to dramatic changes in the price of oil, post-War US economic
growth is characterized by the steepness of expansions.
First Version Received: December 2000/Final Version Received: September 2001 相似文献
119.
We compare a number of models of post War US output growth in terms of the degree and pattern of non-linearity they impart
to the conditional mean, where we condition on either the previous period's growth rate, or the previous two periods' growth
rates. The conditional means are estimated non-parametrically using a nearest-neighbour technique on data simulated from the
models. In this way, we condense the complex, dynamic, responses that may be present in to graphical displays of the implied
conditional mean.
First version received: Feb. 1999/Final version received: June 2001 相似文献
120.
Learning by doing,spillovers and shakeouts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jim?Y.?Jin Juan?Perote-Pe?a Michael?TroegeEmail author 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2004,14(1):85-98
This paper studies industry evolution driven by non strategic learning by doing and spillovers. We characterize a dynamic process of cost and output changes and its effect on welfare and industry profits. The paper gives conditions for shakeouts to occur and analyzes the key factors affecting these conditions. Since shakeouts could lead to a long-run social loss due to higher market concentration, there is a role for a government to play in limiting unnecessary shakeouts. The most effective way to do so is to enhance spillovers.JEL Classification:
L11, L13, O31Correspondence to: Michael TroegeWe would like to thank Hans Mewis, Christophe Moussu and an anonymous referee for valuable comments and suggestions. We also benefited from comments of seminar participants at WZB, Humboldt University, Northwestern University and the EEA/ESEM 1999 meetings. Part of the research was carried out while Michael Tröge was visiting Northwestern University. Financial support by the German Research Council (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献