Consumer protection: The issues

This paper seeks to organize the discussion of the issues in consumer protection by identifying and analyzing the basic factors that have given rise to the demand for consumer protection. Five are singled out for discussion. They are: (a) the monopoly problem at both industry and retail levels; (b) informationally imperfect markets in which consumers are unable or unwilling to obtain and act upon the information that would enable them to make effective choices; (c) the consumer grievance problem, meaning the dissatisfaction that consumers often encounter in consumer purchases; (d) the underrepresentation of consumers and the consumer interest; (e) the desire to shelter vulnerable consumers — the poor, the aged, etc.A sequel to this paper, appearing in the next issue of the Journal of Consumer Policy, will deal with corrective policies.

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Verbraucherpolitik: Die Ansätze

Zusammenfassung Die systematische Diskussion der Ansätze der Verbraucherpolitik dieses Beitrages knüpft an die Hintergründe an für das wachsende Bedürfnis nach Verbraucherpolitik. Fünf Gründe werden dabei analysiert: (a) der Trend zur Monopolisierung in Industrie und Handel, (b) unzureichende Markttransparenz, weil Verbraucher nicht in der Lage oder nicht willens sind, sich diejenigen Informationen zu beschaffen, die für effektive Kaufentscheidungen notwendig sind, (c) das Problem von Verbraucherunzufriedenheit, verursacht durch häufige Enttäuschungen nach Kaufentscheidungen, (d) die unzureichende Berücksichtigung des Verbraucherinteresses und (e) der Wunsch nach verstärktem Schutz benachteiligter Verbrauchergruppen wie einkommens- und bildungsschwache oder alte Verbraucher.Ein Folgebeitrag wird sich im nächsten Heft dieser Zeitschrift mit verbraucherpolitischen Strategien beschäftigen.

     

Board Composition, Managerial Ownership, and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis

Our objective is to examine the sensitivity of simultaneous equations techniques in corporate governance research. We model Tobin's Q, board composition, and managerial ownership using a three-equation instrumental variables approach, with two specifications and four instruments. We find that the variables are jointly determined. However, results depend strongly on the specification of the model and the instruments. We conclude that results using simultaneous equations methods must be interpreted cautiously, OLS estimates should not be casually dismissed, and that sensitivity analysis is essential when estimating an empirical model whose structure is uncertain.     

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR A SAMPLE OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA

ABSTRACT ** :  We use regression analysis to study the determinants of self-sustainability of a sample of microfinance institutions in India. These institutions stand out by their ability and willingness to report financial and operational data to Sa Dhan, a know-how sharing organization. We investigate particularly three aspects of sustainability: cost coverage by revenue, repayment of loans and cost-control. Our results suggest that the challenge of covering costs on small and partly unsecured loans can indeed be met, without necessarily increasing the size of the loans or raising the monitoring cost. The analysis suggests other ways to improve the financial results, like a better targeting of the interest rate policy or increasing the number of borrowers per field officer especially in collective delivery models.     

The effects of exposure-order and market entry-information on brand preference: a dual process model

A dual process model is proposed that identifies the conditions under which two separate and additive effects on brand preference may obtain. The first is an exposure-order effect that can influence attribute-based processing. The second is the effect of market entry-information that can result in theory-driven processing. The model was tested and supported across two experiments, which demonstrate that the effects of market entry-information and exposure-order on brand preference depend on attribute-type and the time between attribute encoding and preference construction. In contrast to previous research, conditions are identified where market entry-information has no effect on preference and where the second-encountered brand is preferred to the first.     

Stability of jurisdiction structures under the equal share and median rules

We consider a finite society with of individuals distributed along the real line. The individuals form jurisdictions to consume public projects, equally share their costs and, in addition, bear a transportation cost to the location of the project. We examine a core and Nash notions of stable jurisdiction structures and show that in hedonic games both solution sets could be empty. We demonstrate that in a quasi-hedonic set-up there is a Nash stable partition, but, in general, there are no core stable partitions. We then examine a subclass of societies that admits the existence of both types of stable partitions. Financial support through grants R98-0631 from the Economic Education and Research Consortium, # NSh-1939.2003.6 School Support, Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 04-02-17227, and the Russian Science Support Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.     

Consommation d'énergie électrique et croissance économique en Afrique Centrale

L'objectif de cet article est de déterminer empiriquement la nature de la relation de causalité entre consommation d'énergie électrique et croissance économique pour cinq pays d'Afrique Centrale. La méthodologie utilisée repose sur un cadre multivarié théoriquement fondé et des récents développements en économétrie des données de panel des: tests de racine unitaire, tests de cointégration, estimateurs des moindres carrés ordinaires entièrement modifiés (FMOLS) et moindres carrés ordinaires dynamiques (DOLS) et du modèle vectoriel à correction d'erreur (VECM). Sur la période 1990–2015, les principaux résultats mettent en évidence une causalité bidirectionnelle entre la consommation d'énergie électrique et la croissance économique à la fois à court et à long terme. Celle‐ci reste stable même après contrôle pour le capital et le travail. Ces résultats constituent ainsi une base solide pour la formulation des politiques et des programmes énergétiques appropriées qui favoriseraient l'accès à l'énergie électrique et la croissance économique.     

Do security breaches matter? The shareholder puzzle

This article analyzes the effect of computer breaches on publicly traded equities from 2005 to 2017. An event study is performed and breaches analyzed conditioned on whether the breach announcement has been made in the mainstream media or through other channels. We find that in the period prior to the announcement date in the media, the mean abnormal return is negative, reflecting a likely leakage of information. In the period following the announcement date, the mean abnormal return is positive, often more than offsetting the previous declines. The findings have important implications for analysts, portfolio managers, institutional investors, and regulators.