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21.
It may be in the interestof low-ability individuals to subsidize the education of high-abilityindividuals. The sufficient conditions are surprisingly mild:positive externalities in education and complementarity in productionbetween human capital and labor supplied by the low-ability individuals.However, tax competition and the free mobility of the educatedgive rise to time-inconsistency and free-riding problems whichrender such a social contract infeasible and result in a suboptimallylow investment in education. 相似文献
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23.
Pay knowledge,pay satisfaction and employee commitment: evidence from Finnish profit‐sharing schemes
Knowledge of the pay system has been identified as one of the key elements affecting the success of the reward system. In this paper, the aim is to study how communication, performance feedback and membership length are related to profit‐sharing knowledge, and how profit‐sharing knowledge is related to profit‐sharing satisfaction and organisational commitment. The data is collected from Finnish personnel funds, which are deferred profit‐sharing schemes. Survey data from over 753 employees in 30 companies in different sectors were used. In studying the antecedents of profit‐sharing knowledge, we found strong evidence that better profit‐sharing communication and higher membership length increase profit‐sharing knowledge. Furthermore, we find strong evidence that the relationship from profit‐sharing knowledge to commitment is mediated by profit‐sharing satisfaction. We discuss the implications for management. 相似文献
24.
This article assesses whether financial participation (profit‐sharing and employee share ownership plans) is associated with positive performance outcomes, and whether direct and indirect employee participation complement financial participation in this respect. It also examines whether employee involvement in the design of financial participation afects performance outcomes. The article uses data from a survey of listed firms in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. Several outcome measures are used, based on respondents' assessments of the effects of financial participation. Higher participation in equity‐based plans, but not in profit‐sharing, is found to be associated with more successfil outcomes. None of fhe other forms of employe? pnrticipafion uins found to contribute to the success of financial participation. The results therefore cast some doubt on complementarity between financial and other forms of participation. 相似文献
25.
Panu Poutvaara 《International Tax and Public Finance》2000,7(6):699-719
We show that wage-taxfinanced subsidies encourage investment in risky education andoffer welfare gains. Tax competition and labour mobility maylead to substantial erosion of regional taxation. On the otherhand, mobility insures against region-specific shocks encouraginginvestment in education. Thus, welfare effects on the educatedand the owners of the fixed factor may go in either direction.Tax competition is especially fierce if the governments careabout the owners of the fixed factor. Elimination of their interestsfrom the governments' objective functions results in a Pareto-improvementin a federation with tax competition. 相似文献
26.
Previous literature concludes that replacing wage taxation by taxes on a fixed factor or its rents benefits future generations. However, the effects of such steady-state gains on the transition generations have been left open. In this paper, we show that taxation of rents may also increase utility of the current generation provided tax revenues are earmarked to reduce wage taxes. In particular, a shift in the tax mix may yield an intergenerational Pareto-improvement when the initially prevailing tax mix is sufficiently skewed toward wage taxation. 相似文献
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Panu Kalmi 《Small Business Economics》2013,41(1):295-313
This paper compares the formation rates of co-operatives and conventional firms in Finland using regional data. The Finnish co-operative “wave” that began in the mid-1990s provides a useful setting for testing the hypothesis that co-operative formation rates are higher in depressed economic conditions. The empirical results support this hypothesis. Co-operatives are formed more often in regions with high unemployment; in contrast, conventional firms are formed more often when unemployment is low and demand growth is high. Furthermore, the existence of dedicated advisory services boosts the formation of co-operatives. These results indicate that co-operatives may play a useful role in reducing unemployment and that the formation of co-operatives may be influenced by policy measures. 相似文献
28.
We analyze the topical question of how the compensation of elected politicians affects the set of citizens choosing to run.
To this end, we develop a sparse and tractable citizen-candidate model of representative democracy with ability differences,
informative campaigning and political parties. Our results suggest that primaries, campaign costs and rewards have previously
overlooked interactions that should be studied in a unified framework. Surprisingly, increasing the reward may lower the average
candidate quality when the campaigning costs are sufficiently high.
JEL Classification D70 · D72 · D79 相似文献
29.
Government-run entities are often more labor-intensive than private companies, even with identical production technologies.
This need not imply slack in the public sector, but may reflect a wage tax advantage, stemming from the fact that government
entities (partly) pay their taxes to themselves. A tax-induced cost advantage of public production precludes production efficiency
and reduces welfare when labor supply is inelastic. With an elastic labor supply, a wage tax advantage of the public sector
may improve welfare if it allows for a higher net wage.
相似文献
30.
Tiina Koskelainen Panu Kalmi Eusebio Scornavacca Tero Vartiainen 《The Journal of consumer affairs》2023,57(1):507-528
Digital innovations are transforming financial services and resulting changes in consumer behavior and personal money management. Diffusion of pervasive digital technologies offers individuals quick and easy access to various digital services bringing opportunities and challenges into their personal money management. The study aimed to explore how digitalization affects individuals' financial literacy and financial capability. As a result, we identified three main themes in the intersection of finance and digitalization: Fintech, Financial behavior in digital environments, and Behavioral interventions. We propose directions for measuring digital financial literacy, updates to the financial literacy curriculum, and developments of digital learning tools. Further, we highlight collaboration between the public and private sectors to create a fairer and more inclusive economic landscape. Our study contributes to existing research by proposing a framework for digital financial literacy and financial capability and a research agenda for future studies. 相似文献