Promoting Private Entrepreneurship for Deepening Market Reform in China: A Resource Allocation Perspective

After more than three decades of rapid growth, China's economy is going through an important turning point, where structural imbalances in both supply and demand sides must be addressed for a more moderate and sustainable growth path. By focusing on the structural changes to its ownership, a central element in China's economic transformation under market reform, the present paper highlights the importance of private entrepreneurship in deepening market reform and, thereby, in driving economic growth in a more efficient and sustainable way. Based on a perspective of resource allocation and a conceptual framework of entrepreneurship, the paper elaborates on the evolution of the private sector and its performance in the context of ownership reform, making comparisons with the performance of the state sector. The analysis suggests that there is further room for more productive use of economic resources, especially capital, land and natural resources, by increasing the participation of private entrepreneurs in industries with high entry barriers in favor of state‐owned enterprises. Moreover, more competitive and equal access to productive resources through reform is needed to promote more productive entrepreneurship and to reduce rent‐seeking activities.     

Effect of Interest Rate Subsidies on Firm Performance and Investment Behavior during Economic Recession: Evidence from Vietnam

This paper aims to quantitatively evaluate the microeconomic consequences of the 4‐percent interest rate subsidy program, the main component of the Vietnamese Government's economic stimulus package in 2009, which was intended to assist recovery from the global economic and financial recession. Our analyses based on the Provincial Competitive Index 2009 survey and accounting data of firms listed on Vietnam's two stock exchanges show that firms that received subsidized loans were more likely to increase labor, to expand investment and to possess optimistic business plans. However, we find evidence that not all business activity generated by the stimulus led to productivity increases: a non‐trivial proportion of subsidized loans were not used to invest in production or expansion, but for speculative activities such as real estate and stock market trading.     

Multiple equilibria in a monopoly market with heterogeneous agents and externalities

We explore the effects of social influence in a simple market model in which a large number of agents face a binary choice: to buy/not to buy a single unit of a product at a price posted by a single seller (monopoly market). We consider the case of positive externalities: an agent is more willing to buy if other agents make the same decision. We consider two special cases of heterogeneity in the individuals' decision rules, corresponding in the literature to the Random Utility Models of Thurstone, and of McFadden and Manski. In the first one the heterogeneity fluctuates with time, leading to a standard model in Physics: the Ising model at finite temperature (known as annealed disorder) in a uniform external field. In the second approach the heterogeneity among agents is fixed; in Physics this is a particular case of the quenched disorder model known as a random field Ising model, at zero temperature. We study analytically the equilibrium properties of the market in the limiting case where each agent is influenced by all the others (the mean field limit), and we illustrate some dynamic properties of these models making use of numerical simulations in an Agent based Computational Economics approach. Considering the optimization of the profit by the seller within the case of fixed heterogeneity with global externality, we exhibit a new regime where, if the mean willingness to pay increases and/or the production costs decrease, the seller's optimal strategy jumps from a solution with a high price and a small number of buyers, to another one with a low price and a large number of buyers. This regime, usually modelled with ad hoc bimodal distributions of the idiosyncratic heterogeneity, arises here for general monomodal distributions if the social influence is strong enough.     

Correction to: Energy Consumption and Bitcoin Market

Asia-Pacific Financial Markets - In the original publication of the article, the acknowledgement section has been missed to update.     

Agency Theory and Japanese Corporate Governance

Agency theory has been used to predict managerial strategic behavior in the past. However, critics have commented that this theory, in its applications, has been too Anglo-American specific. Research in non-Anglo-American settings has been scarce. Recent changes in the Japan Commercial Code and moves by Japanese corporations to access global equity markets allow us to test the veracity of this criticism by examining how Japanese firms respond strategically to the increased requirement for disclosure and transparency; whether they behave in ways congruent with agency theory predictions. Agency theory states that managers who are held accountable for their use of corporate resources will deploy them in ways to enhance stockholder value rather than increase their shares of the economic residual. Thus, we would expect to observe a difference in Japanese managerial behavior accompanying an increased exposure to global capital markets. Using data from Japanese firms, we found some support for the usefulness of agency theory to non-Anglo-American settings when the rules of capital market discipline are allowed to operate.     

Trade diversion and antidumping effectiveness: insights from a residual demand model

A residual demand model is developed to predict the likely effects of an antidumping duty in the presence of trade diversion. A key insight is that the ability of an AD duty to increase the welfare of producers in the country imposing the duty hinges on the import supply elasticity for product from non‐named sources. The only instance in which this is not true is when supply for product from the named source is perfectly elastic. In this case, the welfare gain to domestic producers is maximised irrespective of the supply elasticity for imports from non‐named sources. A comparison of the residual demand model with the Armington model suggests the latter significantly understates both trade diversion and domestic producer gains from the duty.     

Customer participation to co-create value in human transformative services: a study of higher education and health care services

Previous studies on customer participation have mainly focused on its outcome benefits. The current study investigates the effect of various participation behaviors on both process and outcome value in human transformative services. Based on the data surveyed from health care and higher education services in Vietnam, the results show that active and relevant participation behaviors are crucial to co-create value. Information sharing, responsible behavior, and voluntary in-role feedback have different roles in process and outcome value. Voluntary in-role feedback is more important in health care service, while responsible behavior is critical in higher education. Moreover, distinction should be made between passive provision of information and voluntary feedback of customers to the firm.     

Revealed Preferences for Risky Assets in Imperfect Markets

In this paper, the ara and rra of over 12,000 Canadian households are directly measured using a theoretical framework for imperfect capital markets which was first proposed (but not tested) by Blume and Friend (1975). The ols relationships between ara (or rra) and net wealth are also estimated, and tested for homogeneity, for the total sample and for various subsamples thereof. The robustness of the empirical results are also examined by using two measures of net wealth, and before- and after-tax, nominal and real returns. The empirical results support the Arrow (1971) and Pratt (1964) conjectures that households have utility functions which exhibit increasing (or constant) rra and decreasing ara. They also support the Friend and Blume (1975) and Siegel and Hoban (1982) findings of approximately constant (but increasing) rra and increasing rra, respectively. Except perhaps for the most wealthy stratum of households, the empirical results do not support Arrow's conjecture that the rra of a representative investor is approximately equal to unity. The analysis ofcovariance results strongly imply that the risk aversion behaviour of households depends not only on net wealth but also on various socio-demographic characteristics such as the age of the household head and the regional location of the household. This heterogeneity in the risk aversion behaviour of households has many important economic, investment management and public policy implications. Résumé Dans cette étude le ara et le rra de plus de douze mille foyers canadiens sont directement mesurés a l'aide d'un cadfre théorique conçu pour des marchés en capitaux imparfaits qui a été proposép pour la première fois (mais non vérifié) par Blume et Friend et 1975. Les rapports ols entre le ara (ou rra) et la richesse nette sont également estimés et vérifiés pour leur homogénéité pour l'échantillon total et ses divers sous-echantillons. Les résultats empiriques probants sont également examinés à l'aide de deux mesures de la richesse et du rendement nominal et réel avant et après impǒt. Les résultats empiriques appuient les suppositions de Arrow (1971) et Pratt (1964) selon lesquels les ménages comportent des fonctions d'utilité démontrant un rra croissant (ou constant) et un ara décroissant ainsi que les conclusions respectives de Friend and Blume (1975) et Siegel and Hoban (1982) d'un rra approximativement constant (mais croissant) et d'un rra croissant. A l'exception des ménages les plus riches, peut-ětre, les résultats empiriques ne corroborent pas la conjecture de Arrow selon laquelle le rra d'un investisseur représentatif est approximativement égal à une unité. Les résultats de l'analyse de covariance supposent très fortement que l'aversion au risque dans les ménages depend non seulement de la richesse nette mais aussi de caractéristiques socio-démographiques comme l'ǎge du chef de famille et la situation régionale du ménage. Cette hétérogénéité dans le comportement d'aversion au risque des ménages comporte de nombreuses implications importantes sur le plan économique, administratif et politique.