Two-Way international trade in manufactures: A theoretical underpinning

Zusammenfassung Internationaler Zwei-Weg-Handel (≫Two Way-Trade≪) in Fertigwaren: Eine theoretische Untersuchung. — Der vorliegende Aufsatz gibt eine theoretische Grundlage für internationalen Handel in spezialisierten Gütern bei monopolistischer Konkurrenz. Der Handel mit spezialisierten Fertigwaren zeigt die wachsende Bedeutung eines ≫Zwei-Weg-Au\enhandels≪ (gleichzeitiger Export und Import derselben Warengruppe). Die Analyse unterstützt teilweise Linders Hypothese, da\ der Handel zwischen Nationen mit vergleichbaren Einkommensniveaus gr?\er sein dürfte. Die Untersuchung zeigt auch, da\ ziemlich bedeutende Zunahmen im Zwei-Weg-Handel von bilateralen Zollsenkungen erwartet werden k?nnen, wie sie bei der Bildung eines gemeinsamen Marktes oder einer Zollunion vorkommen.

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Résumé Commerce international en deux sens (≪two-way trade≫) en produits finis: Une étude théorique. — Cet article établit une base théorique du commerce international en marchandises différenciées lors d’une concurrence monopoliste. Le commerce en produits finis différenciés explique l’importance augmentante du commerce international en deux sens (exportation et importation simultanées d’un méme groupe de marchandises). L’analyse confirme en partie l’hypothèse de Linder, suivant laquelle le commerce international augmentera en importance entre nations à niveaux de revenu comparables. L’analyse démontre en outre que d’assez importantes augmentations du commerce en deux sens peuvent être attendues de baisses bilatérales des tarifs douaniers telles qu’elles arrivent à la suite de la formation d’un marché commun ou d’une union douanière.

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Resumen Comercio internacional en dos direcciones con productos manufacturados: Un estudio teórico. — El présente articulo facilita una base teorica para explicar el comercio internacional en productos especializados bajo competencia monopolistica. Este comercio, que consiste en exportar e importar al mismo tiempo el mismo producto, muestra una importancia creciente. El anàlisis apoya en parte la hip?tesis de Linder que el comercio sera mayor entre paises con nivelés de ingresos similares. Demuestra adem?s que el comercio en dos direcciones experimentar? importantes incrementos a raiz de reducciones bilaterales de aranceles, como ocurre en el caso de crearse un mercado comün o una union arancelaria.

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Riassunto Commercio internazionale in due direzioni (≪Two-Way-Trade≫) di prodotti finiti: Una ricerca teorica. — II présente saggio dá una base teorica al commercio internazionale di merci specializzate in concorrenza monopolistica. Il commercio con prodotti finiti specializzati mostra il crescente significato di un ≪commercio estero in due direzioni≫ (contemporanea esportazione ed importazione dello stesso gruppo di merci). L’analisi sostiene in parte l’ipotesi di Linder che il commercio tra nazioni con livelli paragonabili di reddito dovrebbe essere maggiore. La ricerca mostra anche che nel commercio in due direzioni si possono aspettare da bilaterali abbassamenti dei dazi, incrementi abbastanza significativi corne si presentano nclla formazione di un mercato comune o di un unione doganale.

     

External transparency or internal capture? The role of third‐party statements in adding value to corporate environmental reports11

The paper seeks to evaluate the extent to which verification statements appearing in published corporate environmental reports promote organizational transparency and the empowerment of external parties. To this end, a detailed content analysis was performed on such statements appearing in reports short‐listed for the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants Environmental Reporting Awards for the first seven years of the scheme since its inception in 1991/92. Key issues focused upon included those of verifier independence, degree of rigour applied to verification work, whether the performance dimension is meaningfully addressed in verification statements and the extent to which such statements may be considered to ‘add value’ for external constituencies. Our analysis of the basic characteristics of these ‘leading edge’ statements raises fundamental questions concerning the independence of verification. There is much evidence of auditee control over the process, with an overriding emphasis on the environmental management systems at the expense of commentary on performance‐based ‘first order’ audit. The disturbing conclusion revealed is that current verification practice exhibits a ‘managerial turn’ rather than representing corporate commitment to external transparency and accountability. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment