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861.
David B. Audretsch Patrick Houweling A. Roy Thurik 《Review of Industrial Organization》2000,16(1):1-11
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the dynamics of industrial organization differ in the Netherlands from what has emerged as a Stylized Fact in other countries. Because the Netherlands has pursued a unique set of institutions and policies comprising what has become known as the Polder Model, the factors leading to firm failure may systematically differ from those in other countries. We address this question using a longitudinal database from Statistics Netherlands (CBS) that identifies over two thousand firms in manufacturing and then tracks their performance over time. 相似文献
862.
Darren Swanson Author Vitae Stephan Barg Author Vitae Author Vitae Henry Venema Author Vitae Author Vitae Suruchi Bhadwal Author Vitae Author Vitae Dimple Roy Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》2010,77(6):924-939
Experience demonstrates that policies crafted to operate within a certain range of conditions are often faced with unexpected challenges outside of that range. The result is that many policies have unintended impacts and do not accomplish their goals. Adaptive policies are designed to function more effectively in complex, dynamic, and uncertain conditions. Based on over a dozen case studies on public policies relating to agriculture and water resources management in Canada and India, we conclude that there are seven tools policymakers should follow to create adaptive policies. Adaptive policies anticipate and plan for the array of conditions that lie ahead: (#1) using integrated and forward-looking analysis; (#2) monitoring key performance indicators to trigger built-in policy adjustments; (#3) undertaking formal policy review and continuous learning; and (#4) using multi-stakeholder deliberation. But not all situations can be anticipated. Unknown unknowns and deep uncertainty will always be part of policymaking. Adaptive policies are able to navigate toward successful outcomes in settings that cannot be anticipated in advance. This can be done by working in concert with certain characteristics of complex adaptive systems and thereby facilitating autonomous actions among stakeholders on the ground. To a degree, adaptive policy tools #3 and #4 can be used toward this purpose, but most directly, such autonomous tools include: (#5) enabling self-organization and social networking; (#6) decentralizing decisionmaking to the lowest and most effective jurisdictional level; and (#7) promoting variation in policy responses. This paper elaborates on these seven tools as a pragmatic guide for policymakers who find themselves working in highly complex, dynamic, and uncertain settings. 相似文献
863.
Roy Malon Shamhuyenhanzva Mornay Roberts-Lombard David Hemsworth 《International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research》2016,26(4):435-455
eWOM communication is certainly one of the most influential drivers of purchase decisions. However, little knowledge is available on the factors that influence the trustworthiness and credibility of eWOM communication. To address this research gap, the study aimed to assess whether the three independent variables (homophily, authority and interestingness) have a significant positive indirect effect on eWOM credibility, as mediated by source trustworthiness. The context of the study was fast-food retailers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted and the target population included all Generation Y consumers that visited the fast-food market leaders in Gauteng province, the economic hub of South Africa. Lisrel version 8.8 was used to analyse the results obtained from a realised sample of 362 respondents and to compile the structural equation model. The findings of the study support the research hypotheses formulated and offer a theoretical contribution by enhancing knowledge of the relationships between the variables investigated as well as the factors that could influence eWOM credibility. The study also has meaning to fast-food retailers, as the model could be applied to formulate appropriate strategies and influence the online conversations and perceptions of consumers. 相似文献
864.
Dominick Latremouille-Viau Annie Guerin Roy Nitulescu Patrick S. Gagnon George J. Joseph Lei Chen 《Journal of medical economics》2017,20(1):63-71
Objective: To compare treatment patterns and economic outcomes of dasatinib and nilotinib as 1st-line therapies for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).Methods: Adult CML patients initiated on first-line dasatinib or nilotinib in 2010–2014 were identified from two large US administrative claims databases. Treatment patterns, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) adherence and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs were measured from the 1st-line TKI initiation (index date) to the end of follow-up.Results: A total of 604 and 418 patients were included in the dasatinib and nilotinib cohorts (mean ages = 50.9 and 52.5 years, 46.4% and 45.7% female), respectively. Among the dasatinib patients, 91% started with 100?mg/day, 3% with <100?mg/day, and 6% with >100?mg/day. Among the nilotinib patients, 76% started with 600?mg/day, 16% with >600?mg/day, and 8% <600?mg/day. The dasatinib cohort had a higher hazard of dose decrease (hazard ratio [HR]?=?1.66; p?=?.002) and of switching to another TKI (HR =1.62; p?=?.019) compared to the nilotinib cohort. The hazard of dose increase (HR =0.76; p?=?.423) and treatment discontinuation (HR =1.10; p?=?.372) were not significantly different between cohorts. There was also no significant difference in TKI adherence levels (mean proportion of days covered [PDC] difference over first 6 months = ?0.0003, p?=?.981; mean PDC difference over first 12 months = ?0.0022, p?=?.880) and HRU (inpatient day incidence rate ratio [IRR]?=?1.03, p?=?.930; emergency room IRR =1.26, p?=?.197; and days with outpatient services IRR = 1.01, p?=?.842). The dasatinib cohort incurred higher healthcare costs by $749 per patient per month (p?=?.044) compared to the nilotinib cohort.Limitation: Information on CML phase and Sokal score was not available.Conclusions: Dasatinib was associated with an increased hazard of dose decrease and switching to another TKI and higher healthcare costs, vs nilotinib. 相似文献
865.
Food and beverage television advertising exposure and youth consumption,body mass index and adiposity outcomes
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Lisa M. Powell Roy Wada Tamkeen Khan Sherry L. Emery 《The Canadian journal of economics》2017,50(2):345-364
This study examines the relationships between exposure to food and beverage product television advertisements and consumption and obesity outcomes among youth. Individual‐level data on fast food and soft drink consumption and body mass index (BMI) for young adolescents from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, kindergarten cohort, (1998–1999) and adiposity measures for children from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2004) were combined with designated market area (DMA) Nielsen media advertising ratings data. To account for unobserved individual‐level and DMA‐level heterogeneity, various fixed‐ and random‐effects models were estimated. The results showed that exposure to soft drink and sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) advertisements is economically and statistically significantly associated with higher frequency of soft drink consumption among youth even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, with elasticity estimates ranging from 0.4 to 0.5. The association between fast food advertising exposure and fast food consumption disappeared once we controlled for unobservables. Exposure to cereal advertising was significantly associated with young adolescents' BMI percentile ranking, but exposures to fast food and soft drink advertisements were not. The results on adiposity outcomes revealed that children's exposure to cereal advertising was associated with both percent body fatness and percent trunk fatness; fast food advertising was significantly associated with percent trunk fatness and marginally significantly associated with percent body fatness; and exposure to SSB advertising was marginally significantly associated with percent body and trunk fatness. The study results suggest that continued monitoring of advertising is important and policy debates regarding the regulation of youth‐directed marketing are warranted. 相似文献
866.
J. R. Coleman 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》1986,37(2):253-263
Since 1976 the Canadian dollar has devalued by more than 20 percent vis-à-vis the US dollar. Many commentators have hypothesised that the devaluation has provided substantial benefits to Canadian producers of red meat. To test this hypothesis, a policy model of the North American red meat sector is formulated which captures the exchange rate effects on both product and factor prices. The model specification and validation are presented, followed by the simulation results for a 10 percent devaluation of the Canadian dollar. The major conclusion is that the exchange rate has not been a significant factor in the determination of production, consumption and trade of red meats. 相似文献
867.
868.
The effect of exchange rates on the trade of red meat between Canada and the United States is an important policy issue. While Canadian producers benefit from higher livestock prices as the Canadian dollar declines in value, higher costs of feed grains and protein as well as macroeconomic effects offset much of the perceived gain. In this paper, these effects are quantified using a quarterly econometric model of the North American livestock sector in which both livestock and feed prices in Canada are linked, through exchange rates, to their counterparts in the United States market. The results suggest that devaluation leads to significant increases in Canadian net exports of beef and to small increases in net exports of pork. Both effects are small when compared with total North American trade and production. ?effet du taux ?échange sur le commerce de viande rouge entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis a de considérables implications sur les politiques agricoles. Bien que les producteurs Canadiens bénéficient lorsque les prix de la viande sont haussés par une dévaluation du dollar Canadien, ces gains sont réduits par des prix plus élevés pour les grains et les protéines de même que par des répercussions macroéonomiques. Dans cet article, les effets de changements dans le taux ?échange sont quantifiés par ?entremise ?un modèle économétrique trimestriel des secteurs bovins et porcins en Amérique du Nord. Les prix des animaux et des grains au Canada sont reliés à leurs vis-à-vis américains par le taux ?échange. Les résultats suggèrent qu' une dévaluation entraîne une hausse significative de ?exportation nette de boeuf et une faible augmentation de ?exportation nette de pore. Toutefois, les effets sont modestes lorsque comparés aux volumes de production et de ventes pour le marché Nord Américain. 相似文献
869.
We use evidence from detailed records of FOMC deliberations to argue that time inconsistency theory can help explain the excessive monetary expansion that characterized Arthur Burns's tenure as Federal Reserve Chairman (1970–1978). The records suggest that the Fed perceived a Phillips curve tradeoff and political pressures that made it difficult to adopt disinflationary policies; the tendency toward excessively expansionary policy was exacerbated by the short-run planning horizon the Committee faced in each of its meetings. We argue that comparative static predictions of the time inconsistency model are consistent with the rise of inflation during the Burns years and its subsequent fall. 相似文献
870.
While most consumer socialization research has focused upon the development of consumer orientations that young people can
enact, little research exists on how children and adolescents develop consumer orientations that have relevance for adult
consumer behavior. This article addresses the concept of anticipatory consumer socialization by focusing on a variety of consumer
cognitions and how they are acquired. 相似文献