Union-oligopoly bargaining and entry deterrence: a reassessment of limit pricing

This paper introduces wage bargaining in the framework of Milgrom and Roberts (Econometrica 50(2):443–459, 1982) where the workers’ reservation wage is the private information parameter critical for entry. We show that entry threat significantly distorts the wage, which in some cases adversely affects the firm’s ability to signal through price. Consequently, the separating equilibrium (in price) does not always exist. If, however, wage agreements are made public, signalling occurs with or without distortions in wage depending on whether the union’s bargaining power is high or low. Pooling equilibrium also exists and it features similar distortions. We also examine which signal, wage or price, generates greater social welfare. We would like to thank two referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. This paper is partially based on a chapter of Pal’s PhD thesis done at Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), India. For remaining errors we are solely responsible.     

Exploratory Results on the Importance of R&D Knowledge Domains in Businesses with Different Strategies

A number of studies have described the consequences of the changing patterns in the business environment for R&D departments. Fewer studies have addressed the specific implications of the changing business environment for the agenda of R&D managers. Gupta and Wilemon (1996) have provided R&D managers with a priority list for action designed to be applicable to R&D departments independent of business strategy. However, a substantial body of literature suggests that the priority listing may be different for R&D departments in businesses with different strategies. Against this background this study sets out to determine whether the priority listing is different for Miles and Snow's (1978) strategic archetypes of prospectors, analyzers, defenders and reactors. A total of 72 R&D managers of businesses competing in industrial markets in the Netherlands provided the data to test for the existence of these differences. The results indicate that the priority listings are indeed different for R&D departments in businesses with different strategies. This finding has important practical implications. The priority listings can be used by R&D managers to assess which R&D capabilities have to be developed in order to match R&D strategy with business strategy and meet the criteria for getting more commercial payback from R&D in a changing business environment.     

‘Should I Buy,Hoard, or Hide?’- Consumers’ responses to perceived scarcity

Scarce shopping situations often seem to have a greater value for consumers and trigger extreme behaviors. This study examines the effects of scarcity that is strategically created by the marketer in influencing consumer behavior. Drawing from reactance theory, it is suggested that, when scarcity is perceived to be strategically created by the retailer, consumers tend to exhibit deviant and competitive behaviors. The mediating role of emotions like anticipated regret is also examined. Further, the role of human traits like competitiveness and hedonic motivations in moderating the relationships between perceived scarcity and behaviors is also examined. The results of the study suggest that, under the conditions of perceived scarcity, consumers tend to exhibit behaviors like in-store hoarding, and in-store hiding, due in part to the increased urgency to buy. Also, the findings suggest a pertinent role of emotions and human traits in influencing the decision making under the condition of strategically-created scarcity.     

Board Independence and Corporate Governance: Evidence From Director Resignations

Abstract:  As is evident from recent changes in NYSE and NASDAQ listing requirements, board independence is assumed to be an important and effective governance mechanism. However, the empirical evidence regarding the value of board independence is mixed. We examine board member resignation announcements and their perceived importance in the context of firms' existing governance structures. We find that outside director resignations appear to send negative signals to market participants. However, this market reaction is less negative when the board is more independent before the departure and when institutional ownership is high, but is more negative for higher levels of officer and director ownership and CEO incentive compensation.     

On estimating market efficiency

In this paper, we discuss commentaries by Maynes and Hjorth-Andersen on our earlier paper (1990), and then go on to discuss the merits of various measures of market efficiency which have appeared in the literature. While Maynes criticized the model in our 1990 paper for a lack of realism, we argue that our limited objective of demonstrating that price-quality correlations are not necessarily related to market efficiency did not require a model which was realistic in all details. We also demonstrate that our basic conclusion that the price-quality correlation need not measure market efficiency does not depend on our theoretical model. Hjorth-Andersen advanced a number of alternative reasons why price-quality correlations may not measure efficiency, and we view his arguments largely as complementary to ours. The basic conclusion is that there are severe problems with interpreting measured price-quality correlations as measures of efficiency. We go on to discuss alternative measures. While no alternatives are completely satisfactory, we argue that measures based on deviations from an efficient frontier have some attractive properties, and are currently the most desirable alternative.

---

Zur bestimmung der effizienz von mÄrkten

Zusammenfassung Die Autoren gehen in diesem Beitrag auf die Kommentare von Maynes (1992) und Hjorth-Andersen (1992) zu ihrem früheren Beitrag in dieser Zeitschrift (1990) ein und diskutieren dann die verschiedenen Indikatoren der Markteffizienz, die in der Literatur vorgeschlagen wurden. WÄhrend Maynes das Modell des früheren Beitrages der Autoren wegen zu geringer RealitÄtsnahe kritisierte, halten die Autoren jetzt dagegen, da\ für das begrenzte Ziel jenes Beitrages, nÄmlich zu zeigen, da\ Preis-QualitÄts-Korrelationen nicht notwendigerweise mit Marktef-fizienz verknüpft sind, Wirklichkeitstreue in allen Details gar nicht erforderlich ist. Sie zeigen darüber hinaus, da\ ihre grundlegende Schlu\folgerung, da\ Preis-QualitÄts-Korrelationen nicht ein Ma\ der Markteffizienz sein müssen, von ihrem theoretischen Modell nicht einmal abhÄngt. Hjorth-Andersen führt eine Reihe weiterer Gründe an, deretwegen Preis-QualitÄts-Korrelationen keine Indikatoren für Effizienz sein mögen, die von den Autoren als ErgÄnzung der eigenen überlegungen angesehen werden. Das Hauptergebnis des vorliegenden Beitrages ist folglich, da\ es ernste Probleme bei der Interpretation solcher Korrelationen als Effizienz-Ma\e gibt. Sie diskutieren deshalb andere Indikatoren, von denen allerdings keiner vollstÄndig befriedigend ist. Allerdings dürften Ma\e, die die Abweichung von einer Grenzlinie günstigster EinkÄufe erfassen, zur Zeit die aussichtsreichste Möglichkeit sein.

     

Style consumption: its drivers and role in sustainable apparel consumption

This study proposes style consumption (SC) as a way to foster sustainable apparel consumption. In doing so, we identify explanatory and outcome variables of SC and also examine gender differences in these variables. Based on an online survey with 586 consumers, we find that frugal apparel consumption (FAC), fashion consciousness (FC) and ecologically conscious consumption (ECC) enhance the likelihood of SC. SC in turn increases environmental apparel purchase (EAP) and sustainable apparel divestment (SAD). The results also suggest significant gender differences both in motivational and behavioural variables included in the model. Specifically, females are significantly higher than males in FAC, FC and ECC. The tendency of SC, EAP and SAD were also higher for females than males. In addition, we find that gender is a significant factor mediating the effect of FC and that of ECC on SC.     

Dynamic Spillovers in the United States: Stock Market,Housing, Uncertainty,and the Macroeconomy

In this study, we examine dynamic spillovers among the housing market, stock market, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in the United States in a unified empirical framework. Applying the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) methodology on monthly data over the period 1987M1–2014M11, our findings reveal the following features. First, the transmission of various types of shocks contributes significantly to economic fluctuations in the United States. Second, spillovers show large variations over time. Third, in the wake of the global financial crisis, spillovers have been exceptionally high in historical perspective. In particular, we find large spillovers from EPU, as well as stock market and housing returns to other variables, in particular inflation, industrial production and the federal funds rate. These results illustrate the contagion from the housing and financial crisis to the real economy and the strong policy reaction to stabilize the economy.     

Family Business in Sub-Saharan Africa Versus the Middle East

This paper examines the impact of culture on family businesses in two regions of Africa: sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle Eastern region. Nine cross-culturally comparable “etic” dimensions are used to assess characteristics of family firms in both regions, based on the Culturally-sensitive Assessment System and Education (CASE) project. Overall, the characteristics of family businesses in the regions are associated with their distinctive cultures. Several commonalities are found; however, the observed differences suggest directions for the African family businesses to become the engines for national and regional development. Implications for further research and for practice are identified.