Effects of knowledge and service intensities on domestic and export performance

Zusammenfassung Der Einflu? der Wissens- und Dienstleistungsintensit?t von Industrien auf deren Markterfolge im In- und Ausland. - Dieser Aufsatz prüft die These, da? die Markterfolge eines Unternehmens von dessen Wissens- und Dienstleistungsintensit?t abh?ngen. Der Besitz von Kenntnissen verschafft die M?glichkeit, auf dem Markt Monopolrenten für die Einmaligkeit von Produkten abzusch?pfen, aber spezifische Kenntnisse k?nnen auch in Dienstleistungen enthalten sein, die mit denselben Produkten verbunden sind. Um für die K?ufer von Nutzen zu sein, müssen solche Produkte (z.B. Computer) an spezifische Dienstleistungen gekoppelt sein. Die Marktmacht wird durch das Ausma? beeinflu?t, in dem solche Dienstleistungen von der Herstellerfirma kontrolliert werden. Eine empirische Untersuchung auf der Grundlage von Daten für 14 israelische Elektronikfirmen im Zeitraum 1977–1983 best?tigt die Hypothese, die aus dem Modell abgeleitet wurde.

---

Résumé Effets des intensités des connaissances et de service sur la performance locale et exportatrice. - L’article examine la thèse que la performance du marché est déterminée par l’intensité des connaissances et de service. Les connaissances propriétaires le rendent possible de tirer des rentes du marché si elles sont incorporées en biens caractérisés d’un certain degré d’unicité, mais elles sont aussi contenues en services associés avec ces mêmes biens. Pour être utile aux acheteurs, tels biens (par example computers) ont besoin des services spécifiques. Le pouvoir du marché est influencé au mesure du contr?le que l’entreprise exerce sur tels services associés. Une analyse empirique basée sur des données obtenues de 14 entreprises électroniques israéliens pour la période 1977–1983 confirme l’hypothèse spécifique dérivée du modèle.

---

Resumen Los efectos de la intensidad de conocimiento y servicios sobre la economía y las exportaciones. - Este trabajo examina la hipótesis de que el funcionamiento del mercado está determinado por la intensidad de conocimiento y de servicios. Conocimientos patentados ofrecen la posibilidad de extraer rentas del mercado, si están incorporados en productos que gozan de un cierto grado de unicidad o contenidos en servicios asociados a estos productos. Para ser útiles para el consumidor, tales productos (computadoras) deben estar acompa?ados por servicios específicos. La positión de una empresa en el mercado depende del grado en el cual la empresa contróla los servicios asociados. Un análisis empírico a partir de datos sobre 14 empresas electrónicas israelíes, cubriendo el período 1977–1983, confirma la hipótesis derivada del modelo.

     

Food insecurity: Magnitude and remedies

Food insecurity is given an operational definition: the probability of foodgrain consumption in developing countries falling below a desired level due to a fixed upper limit on the food import bill they can afford and an unfavourable combination of poor harvests and world foodgrain prices.The author argues that food security should not be made contingent upon arrangements for worldwide foodgrain supply stabilization. Rather, it is suggested that food security could be attained through a food import bill insurance (FIBI) scheme. Alternatively, food security could be attained by a combination of a financial scheme and a grain buffer stock in or on behalf of the developing countries. The paper discusses the specific measures required to implement these proposals and shows that the resource capacity of the international community is sufficient to carry them out.     

Relative deprivation and economic welfare

It is shown that the theory of relative deprivation can be decomposed into two concepts: deprivation and its relativity. Deprivation is interpreted as forgone utility due to lack of commodities, thus minimizing deprivation and maximizing utility come to much the same thing. The relativity of the concept stems from the existence of reference groups in the society. The core of the paper deals with the effect of reference groups on the deprivation felt in the society.     

A Self‐Tuning Model for Smart Manufacturing SMEs: Effects on Digital Innovation

With the changing way people live, communicate, and work, enterprises are striving to shift their existing business model into a “self‐tuning” one. Enterprises are becoming more agile, adaptive, and ambidextrous in order to boost innovation in the current digital transformation era. Nowadays, “digital innovation” is closely associated with Industry 4.0 enablers and smart enterprises. Prior research has shown that while multinational enterprises—across many sectors—have already embraced the aforementioned advancements, their adoption by small and‐medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) has so far taken place mainly in the manufacturing sector. Thus, based on a sample of 280 self‐tuned smart manufacturing SMEs and having utilized the structural equation modeling (SEM), this study was aimed to investigate how digital innovation is influenced by the three pillars of self‐tuning models—agility, adaptation, and ambidexterity. Our paper has focussed on the digital systems in which SMEs, spurred by networking and open innovation solutions, operate and innovate in response to external triggers, displaying a balance between exploration and exploitation, and a strong agile capacity.     

The evolution of the January effect

This paper extends recent studies of the January effect by investigating the evolution of the daily pattern of the effect across size deciles. Our evidence documents a sizable mean reverting component beginning in the latter part of January and a shorter duration of the seasonal effect. Despite lower abnormal returns in the second part of January, higher abnormal returns in the first part of January keep the magnitude of the January effect unchanged. Further analysis of daily trading volumes suggests a stable trading volume intensity in the first part of January and a substantial decline in trading volume intensity in the second part of January.     

INCOME STRATIFICATION AND INCOME INEQUALITY

This paper develops a new index of stratification that highlights the distinction between inequality and stratification. The stratification index captures the extent to which population subgroups occupy distinct strata within an overall distribution. The indices are group specific and control for group size. A weighted sum of group stratification indices is the third term that, together with between-group inequality and a weighted sum of within-group inequality adds to the overall Gini index of inequality.     

Excessive Extrapolation and the Allocation of 401(k) Accounts to Company Stock

About a third of the assets in large retirement savings plans are invested in company stock, and about a quarter of the discretionary contributions are invested in company stock. From a diversification perspective, this is a dubious strategy. This paper explores the role of excessive extrapolation in employees' company stock holdings. I find that employees of firms that experienced the worst stock performance over the last 10 years allocate 10.37 percent of their discretionary contributions to company stock, whereas employees whose firms experienced the best stock performance allocate 39.70 percent. Allocations to company stock, however, do not predict future performance.     

Tableau Économique: Teaching Economics with a Tablet Computer

Results of a survey on the usefulness of economic concepts is provided. Graduates of a management of technology program are shown to judge microeconomics to be more useful than macroeconomics.