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951.
This article explores the hypothesis that third parties are motivated to seek information about agents who have behaved unethically
in the past, even if the agent and available information are irrelevant to the third parties’ goals and interests. We explored
two possible motives for this information seeking behavior: deonance, or the motive to care about ethics and justice simply
for the sake of ethics and justice, and distrust-based threat monitoring. Participants in a consumer decision task were found
to seek out information about an agent who had behaved unethically even when the agent was explicitly excluded from the task;
there were no intentions to purchase from the agent; performance expectations for the agent’s product were low; the information
that could be sought was non-diagnostic, redundant or irrelevant to an ethical judgment; and alternatives in the market offered
as good or better value as the unethical agent. Critically, this information seeking took place even when the observer could
disengage from and was not vulnerable to the agent. The findings are discussed in terms of third party information seeking
and its effects on ethical behavior in the marketplace. 相似文献
952.
Turbulence over the industry life cycle is examined for the case of Portugal using the lowest possible level of industry aggregation,
thus allowing for the use of panel data to study the evolution of product markets. Replacement of exiting firms by subsequent
entrants plays a primary role in generating turbulence in high growth markets, while displacement of incumbents by recent
entrants is the main selection force in declining markets. As the industry life cycle progresses, trial-and-error entry and
entry mistakes decrease, and turbulence subsides. 相似文献
953.
Junfu Zhang 《Small Business Economics》2011,36(2):187-208
Entrepreneurs with prior firm-founding experience are expected to have more skills and social connections than novice entrepreneurs.
Such skills and social connections could give experienced founders some advantage in the process of raising venture capital.
This paper uses a large database of venture-backed companies and their founders to examine the advantage associated with prior
founding experience. Compared with novice entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs with venture-backed founding experience tend to raise
more venture capital at an early round of financing and tend to complete the early round much more quickly. In contrast, experienced
founders whose earlier firms were not venture-backed do not show a similar advantage over novice entrepreneurs, suggesting
the importance of connections with venture capitalists in the early stage of venture capital financing. However, when the
analysis also takes into account later rounds of financing, all entrepreneurs with prior founding experience appear to raise
more venture capital. This implies that skills acquired from any previous founding experience can make an entrepreneur perform
better and in turn attract more venture capital. 相似文献
954.
This paper focuses on the innovative actions of entrepreneurs, namely their tendency to reveal the intellectual capital that
results from their research efforts either in the form of public knowledge (publications) or private knowledge (patents).
Using data collected by the National Research Council within the US National Academies from their survey of firm’s that received
National Institutes of Health phase II Small Business Innovation Research awards between 1992 and 2001, we find that entrepreneurs
with academic backgrounds are more likely to publish their intellectual capital compared with entrepreneurs with business
backgrounds, who are more likely to patent their intellectual capital. We also find that, when universities are research partners,
their presence complements the tendencies of academic entrepreneurs but does not offset those of business entrepreneurs. 相似文献
955.
The extraordinary growth of the Irish economy since the mid-1990s—the ‘Celtic Tiger’—has attracted a great deal of interest,
commentary and research. Indeed, many countries look to Ireland as an economic development role model, and it has been suggested
that Ireland might provide key lessons for other EU members as they seek to achieve the objectives set out in the Lisbon Agenda.
Much of the discussion of Ireland’s growth has focused on its possible triggers: the long-term consequences of the late 1980s
fiscal stabilisation, EU structural funds, education, wage moderation and devaluation of the Irish punt. The industrial policy
perspective has highlighted the importance of inflows of foreign direct investment, but a notable absence from the discourse
on the ‘Celtic Tiger’ has been any mention of the role of new business venture creation and entrepreneurship. In this paper
we use unpublished Irish VAT data for the years 1988–2004 to provide the first detailed look at national trends in business
birth and death rates in Ireland over the ‘take-off’ period. We also use sub-national VAT data to shed light on spatial trends
in new venture creation. Our overall conclusions are that new business formation made no detectable contribution to the acceleration
of Ireland’s growth in the late 1990s, although we do find evidence of spatial convergence in per capita business stocks. 相似文献
956.
Seung-Hyun Lee Yasuhiro Yamakawa Mike W. Peng Jay B. Barney 《Journal of Business Venturing》2011,26(5):505-520
How do bankruptcy laws as formal institutions affect entrepreneurship development around the world? Do entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy laws encourage more entrepreneurship development at a societal level? We posit that if bankrupt entrepreneurs are excessively punished for failure, they may give up potentially high-return but inherently high-risk opportunities to start new businesses. Amassing a cross-country database from 29 countries spanning 19 years (1990-2008), we find that lenient, entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy laws are significantly correlated with the level of entrepreneurship development as measured by the rate of new firm entry. 相似文献
957.
The Emergence of Individual Knowledge in a Group Setting: Mitigating Cognitive Fallacies 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniel E. O’Leary 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2011,20(1):3-18
Research in psychology has found that subjects regularly exhibit a conjunction fallacy in probability judgments. Additional
research has led to the finding of other fallacies in probability judgment, including disjunction and conditional fallacies.
Such analyses of judgments are critical because of the substantial amount of probability judgment done in accounting, business
and organizational settings. However, most previous research has been conducted in the environment of a single decision maker.
Since business and other organizational environments also employ groups, it is important to determine the impact of groups
on such cognitive fallacies. This paper finds that groups substantially mitigate the impact of probability judgment fallacies
among the sample of subjects investigated. The key finding of this paper is the analysis of the apparent manner in which groups
make such decisions. A statistical analysis, based on a binomial distribution, suggests that groups investigated here did
not use consensus. Instead, if any one member of the group has correct knowledge about the probability relationships, then
the group uses that knowledge and does not exhibit fallacy in probability judgment. Having a computational model of the group
decision making process provides a basis for developing computational models that can be used to simulate “mirror worlds”
of reality or model decision making in real world settings. 相似文献
958.
Joint space multidimensional scaling maps are often utilized for positioning analyses and are estimated on survey samples
of consumer preferences, choices, considerations, or intentions so as to provide a concise spatial depiction of the competitive
landscape including relevant dimensions or attributes, competing brands, and consumers in the same joint space representation.
Care has to be given concerning the underlying scale properties of such survey data so as not to distort the resulting joint
space positioning map. We present a new joint space multidimensional scaling procedure for positioning analyses for displaying
the structure in such survey data when such common ordered successive category measurement scales such as Likert, Edwards,
semantic differential, etc., are employed. We present the technical details of this stochastic ordered preference multidimensional
scaling vector model as well as the maximum likelihood estimation-based algorithm devised for parameter estimation. Favorable
comparisons are made with several existent multidimensional scaling methods in representing the internal structure for such
data in marketing positioning studies. An actual commercial positioning application concerning large sports utility vehicles
consideration to buy judgments is presented with predictive validation comparisons with other multidimensional scaling joint
space procedures. 相似文献
959.
We consider the implications of the three pillars of sustainability (environment, economy and social justice) on consumption
in a wealthy country. Building a theoretical model that includes consumers, business, government, the environment, and economic
and political relations between nations, we explore how sustainability should affect the consumption behavior of consumers,
charitable aid to poorer countries, and responsible environmental practices by businesses. Our model enables us to provide
normative implications for consumers, society and business. Importantly, we assume that all stakeholders will optimize their
self-interest, and that altruism will only partly explain behavior consistent with sustainability. Among the more non-obvious
findings are that (1) the poorer the poor countries are, the less the rich countries should consume, (2) the more sensitive
the global political climate is to economic inequity between the rich and poor nations, the less the rich countries should
consume, and (3) if aid to poor countries is effective enough, then the more materialistic the society is, the more charitable
aid it should give. We also confirm a number of more intuitive findings, such as that business should use more green technology
as the taxes on pollution and/or efficiency of green technology increase, and the more resource-intensive consumption is,
the less consumers should consume. Taken as a whole, the findings imply that societal consumption patterns should be sensitive
to aspects of environmental impact and social justice, even if altruistic motivations are absent. 相似文献
960.
Market-focused sustainability: market orientation plus! 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concept of sustainability is increasingly being addressed theoretically by scholars and practically by managers and policymakers.
With this growing focus on sustainability efforts, marketing is in a unique position to elevate its focus from managing relationships
with customers to strategically managing a broader set of marketplace issues. Overall, an organization achieves market-based
sustainability to the extent that it strategically aligns itself with the market-oriented product needs and wants of customers
and the interests of multiple stakeholders concerned about social responsibility issues involving economic, environmental,
and social dimensions. To set the stage for marketing’s inquiry into sustainability efforts, I briefly review the concept
of sustainability, compare it with corporate social responsibility, bring in stakeholders, argue for the notion of “market
orientation plus,” and consider the possibility that the notion of what sustainability encompasses is converging in the marketing
literature. 相似文献